Pension - nenkin (English spelling) pension

Japanese: 年金 - ねんきん（英語表記）pension

A social security system that provides regular long-term monetary benefits to those who lose or lose their income due to old age, disability, or death. There are public pensions operated and managed by the government and private pensions operated voluntarily by the private sector. In principle, public pensions in Japan are compulsory (→ compulsory insurance) and are divided into three types: national pensions, employees' pension insurance, and mutual aid associations. Private pensions include corporate pensions and individual pensions. Historically, in Europe, contributory pension systems in which subscribers pay insurance premiums became widespread in various countries from around the 19th century. The Japanese pension system began with a military pension system established in 1875, and later mutual aid associations were established for employees of public corporations, national civil servants, local civil servants, etc. Meanwhile, the Workers' Pension Insurance Act (Act No. 60 of 1941) was enacted in 1942 for factory workers, and the Employees' Pension Insurance Act (Act No. 21 of 1944) was enacted in 1944, expanding the scope of coverage to both male and female employees working in companies. In 1959, the National Pension Law was enacted, which targeted self-employed persons and others who were not covered by the previous system, and the universal pension system was established with its full implementation in 1961. Meanwhile, private school teachers and employees of agricultural, forestry and fishery organizations, who were covered by the Employees' Pension Insurance, established mutual aid associations in 1954 and 1958, respectively. In 1986, a basic pension system common to all citizens was introduced with the aim of compulsory membership of full-time housewives, unifying the systems, correcting disparities in benefit levels between systems, and establishing stable pension finances, and the framework of today's pension system was established (→ Basic Pension Number System).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

一家を支える者が老齢，障害，死亡により所得を喪失，あるいは減少した場合，長期にわたって定期的に金銭給付を行なう社会保障制度。国が運営・管理する公的年金と民間で任意に行なう私的年金とがある。日本の公的年金は原則として強制加入で（→強制保険），国民年金，厚生年金保険，共済組合の 3種に分かれている。私的年金は企業年金，個人年金など。歴史的には，ヨーロッパで 19世紀頃から加入者が保険料を負担する拠出制年金制度が各国に普及した。日本の年金制度は 1875年にできた軍人の恩給制度が始まりで，のちに公共企業体の職員，国家公務員，地方公務員などを対象に共済組合が発足した。一方，1942年に工場労働者を対象とした労働者年金保険法（昭和16年法律60号）が施行され，1944年には対象を企業で働く男女従業員に拡大して厚生年金保険法（昭和19年法律21号）が制定された。1959年に従来の制度の適用を受けられなかった自営業者などを対象とした国民年金法が制定され，1961年の全面施行により国民皆年金体制が確立した。その間，厚生年金の適用対象であった私立学校教職員と農林漁業団体職員は，それぞれ 1954，1958年に共済組合を創設した。1986年には専業主婦の強制加入，制度の一元化と制度間の給付水準格差の是正，安定した年金財政の確立を目的に，すべての国民共通の基礎年金制度が導入され，今日の年金制度の骨格ができた（→基礎年金番号制）。

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