Nyāya School - Nyāya gaku is (English spelling)

Japanese: ニヤーヤ学派 - にやーやがくは(英語表記)Nyāya
Nyāya School - Nyāya gaku is (English spelling)

It is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy, and its main subjects are logic, argument, and the theory of knowledge. Its founder was Gautama (around the 1st century), also known as Akshapada (translated into Chinese as Foot Eye), who is said to have written the Nyaya Sutra, but this sutra was compiled in its current form around the 3rd or 4th century. In the 4th century, Bhatsyayana appeared and wrote a commentary on it called the Nyaya-Bhasiya, and these two books became the basic documents of this school until around the 12th century. According to them, the subjects of study of the Nyaya school can be summarized into 16 items: the means of true knowledge, the object of true knowledge, doubt, motivation, analogy, established theory, points of argument, examination based on assumptions, decision, argument, dispute, argument, false reason, sophistry, false accusation, and cases of refutation. According to Bhātsyayana, the word "nyaya" in a broad sense refers to reasoning based on direct knowledge or the words of scriptures in general, but in a narrow sense it refers to the five arms of argument: assertion, reason, example, application, and conclusion. He says that nyaya in this narrow sense is the highest nyaya. The Nyaya school has made extensive use of the system of its sister school, the Vaisheshika school, from the very beginning, especially in the field of ontology, but in response to criticism and attacks from Buddhist logic, which began to rapidly become more sophisticated around the 6th century, it began to use the Vaisheshika school's theories more seriously in the field of knowledge theory as well. This tendency was strengthened and the definition was made more precise by the works of Uddyotakara, who wrote the Nyaya-Bharttika, a commentary on the Nyaya-Bhasiya, Bhachaspatimishra, who wrote the Tātparya Tīkā, a commentary on the Nyaya-Bhāsiya, and Udayana, who wrote the Tātparya Parishuddhi, a commentary on the Nyaya-Bhāsiya. One of the peaks of this tendency was the Tattva Chintamani written by Gangesha (13th century). After this, the ancient tradition based on the Nyaya-Sutra declined, and those who developed new theories based on the Tattva Chintamani became mainstream. These people called themselves the Naviya-Nyaya (New Nyaya) school, and were active in Mithila in Bihar and Nabadvipa in Bengal.

[Keiichi Miyamoto]

[References] | Indian philosophy | Gautama | Naviya Nyaya | Vaisheshika school | Six schools of philosophy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドの六派哲学学派の一つで、論理、論証、知識論を主要な論題とする。開祖はガウタマ(1世紀ころ)、別名をアクシャパーダ(漢訳されて足目)といい、『ニヤーヤ・スートラ』の作者と伝えられているが、この経典が現在の形に編纂(へんさん)されたのは3~4世紀のころである。4世紀にバーツヤーヤナが出て、これに対する注釈書『ニヤーヤ・バーシヤ』を著したが、この二書が、12世紀ころまで、この学派のいちおうの基本文献となった。それらによれば、ニヤーヤ学派の研究対象は、真知手段、真知の対象、疑惑、動機、喩例(ゆれい)、定説、論証肢、仮定に基づく吟味、決定、論議、論争、論詰、誤った理由、詭弁(きべん)、誤った非難、論破の場合、という16の項目にまとめられるという。バーツヤーヤナによれば、「ニヤーヤ」という語は、広義には、直接知や聖典のことばに基づく推理一般をさすが、狭義には、主張、理由、喩例、適用、結論という五つの論証肢を意味する。そして、この狭義におけるニヤーヤこそが最高のニヤーヤであるという。ニヤーヤ学派は、とくに存在論の領域において、最初期から、姉妹学派であるバイシェーシカ学派の体系を大いに流用していたが、6世紀前後から急速に精密化してきた仏教論理学による批判、攻撃に対抗して、知識論の領域でも、さらに本格的にバイシェーシカ学派の説を用いるようになった。『ニヤーヤ・バーシヤ』に対する注釈書『ニヤーヤ・バールッティカ』を著したウッディヨータカラ、さらにそれに対する重注『タートパリヤ・ティーカー』を著したバーチャスパティミシュラ、さらにまたそれに対する重々注『タートパリヤ・パリシュッディ』を著したウダヤナと経過するにつれ、その傾向は強化され、定義の厳密化が促進された。この傾向の一つの頂点がガンゲーシャ(13世紀)著『タットバ・チンターマニ』であった。これ以降、『ニヤーヤ・スートラ』に基づく古来の伝統は凋落(ちょうらく)し、『タットバ・チンターマニ』を基本文献として新説を展開する人々が主流を占めるようになった。この人々は自らをナビヤ・ニヤーヤ(新ニヤーヤ)学派と称し、今日のビハール州のミティラー、さらにはベンガル州のナバドビーパを拠点に活躍した。

[宮元啓一]

[参照項目] | インド哲学 | ガウタマ | ナビヤ・ニヤーヤ | バイシェーシカ学派 | 六派哲学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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