Nihilism - Nihilismus (English spelling) German

Japanese: ニヒリズム - にひりずむ(英語表記)Nihilismus ドイツ語
Nihilism - Nihilismus (English spelling) German

It is translated as "nihilism." According to common belief, the term "nihilism" was first used by Jacobi in his criticism of Fichte's theory of knowledge. "Nihilism" was also used extensively in the second half of the 19th century to refer to the tendency that emerged in Russian social movements to deny and reject traditional authority, political and social institutions, religion, etc. However, today, when we hear the word "nihilism," it is Nietzsche and his contemporary criticism that usually come to mind.

According to Nietzsche, "thorough nihilism is the conviction that existence is absolutely unstable when the highest recognized values ​​are at stake, and, in addition, the insight that we have not the slightest right to create a 'divine' beyond, or things themselves, which would be the incarnation of morality," and the present age is the age of the arrival of nihilism. "I am telling the history of the coming twentieth century," Nietzsche says. "I am recording the coming of something that is coming, something that can no longer come otherwise: nihilism."

[Yoshisuke Yamazaki]

Faith in God and its Fluctuations

Nihil means "nothing" in Latin, and therefore nihilism is often translated as "emptiness." However, what exactly does nihilism claim to have "disappeared" is the collapse of the "highest values," as implied in the above quote. "Nihilism = lack of goal, lack of answer to the question, 'for what?' What does nihilism mean? -- the nullification of the highest values" (Nietzsche). In other words, the mental state known as nihilism has arrived because the worldview and lifeview values ​​that have given meaning to human existence have "disappeared."

At the root of the values ​​that have dominated the intellectual history of Europe is Platonism, which places the eternal on the other side of this worldly becoming and changing. According to Nietzsche, Christianity, the popular version of Platonism, and its moral outlook are particularly notable for their denunciation and condemnation of this worldly, sensual life, which is subject to becoming and changing, and for their seeking what is valuable and true on the other side of life.

The Christian worldview, unlike the early Greek pan-natural and harmonious (cosmos) worldview that saw humans and the world in a continuous kinship (symphyia), brought about dualistic differences and separations such as flesh and spirit, this world and the other world, freedom and providence, and threw humans into a deep tension. However, at the top of the hierarchical differences in the world was God, who still ultimately unified the dualistic divisions. This is why discrimination could also be order at the same time, but what would happen if the belief in God suddenly disappeared and discrimination and division remained only as discrimination and division? Everything would become incoherent and there would be no choice but to return to chaos. "What happened in the end? A feeling of worthlessness was obtained when it was realized that the overall character of existence should not be interpreted by the concept of 'purpose', 'unity', or 'truth'."

[Yoshisuke Yamazaki]

The root causes of nihilism

In response to the question of where exactly nihilism, the "feeling of worthlessness," comes from, as stated above, the answer must be that it comes not from social hardship, physiological alterations, or psychological hardship, but from "a very specific interpretation, namely, a Christian, moral interpretation."

Nihilism arises when the order of transcendental truth that is aloof from becoming and changing, and faith in the Christian God that is the root of that order, are shaken, and discrimination and division remain only as discrimination and division, which means that the punishment for placing 2,000 years of faith in a "divine transcendental shore that is the embodiment of morality," a fiction that one never had the right to manipulate in the first place, is a sudden "feeling of worthlessness." When a person who has continued to place his faith in a "particular interpretation" for too long experiences the shaking of that particular interpretation, the Christian worldview, he is overcome by a feeling of worthlessness not only of that worldview, but of worldviews in general, and even of the world itself.

[Yoshisuke Yamazaki]

"Nihilism" by Keiji Nishitani (1972, Sobunsha) "Nihilism" by Jiro Watanabe (1975, University of Tokyo Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「虚無主義」と訳される。通説によれば、「ニヒリズム」はヤコービがフィヒテの知識学を非難して用いたのが最初だとされる。「ニヒリズム」はまた、19世紀の後半、ロシアの社会運動に現れた伝統的権威、政治社会上の諸制度、宗教などを否定し排斥する傾向をさし、盛んに用いられた。しかし今日、「ニヒリズム」ということばを耳にして普通念頭に浮かぶのは、もっぱらニーチェとその現代批判であろう。

 ニーチェによれば、「徹底したニヒリズムとは、承認されている最高の諸価値が問題になるようでは、生存は絶対的に不安定だという確信、およびそれに加えて、“神的”であり、道徳の化身でもあるような彼岸(ひがん)ないしは事物自体を調製する権利は、われわれには些(いささ)かもないという洞察のことである」が、現代はそのニヒリズムの到来の時代である。「私が語るのは来るべき20世紀の歴史である。私はやって来るもの、もはや別様にはやって来えないもの、つまりニヒリズムの到来を記すのだ」とニーチェは語る。

[山崎庸佑]

神への信仰とその動揺

ニヒリズムの「ニヒル」nihilはラテン語で「無」を意味し、それゆえニヒリズムはしばしば「虚無主義」と訳されるが、このニヒリズムは、いったい何が「無」くなったことを主張するかといえば、それは前出の引用文で暗示されたように、「最高の諸価値」が崩壊したことである。「ニヒリズム=目標の欠如、“なんのため?”に対する答えの欠如。ニヒリズムは何を意味するか?――最高の諸価値が無価値化されるということである」(ニーチェ)。すなわち、人間存在に意味を与えてきた世界観的、人生観的な諸価値が「無」くなったがゆえに、ニヒリズムとよばれる精神状況が到来したのである。

 ヨーロッパの精神史を支配してきた価値観の根底には、永遠のものを現世的な生成変化の彼岸に置くプラトン主義があった。ニーチェによれば、このプラトン主義の民衆版であるキリスト教とその道徳観において、生成変化する現世的―感性的な生を非難、断罪し、価値あるもの、真であるものを生の彼岸に求める世界観はとくに顕著である。

 キリスト教の世界観は――人間と世界を連続親縁(シュンピュイア)の間柄にあるとみた初期ギリシアの汎(はん)自然的で調和(コスモス)的な世界観とは違って――肉と霊、此岸(しがん)と彼岸、自由と摂理といった二元的な差別と乖離(かいり)をもたらし、人間を深い緊張のうちに投げ込んだが、しかし世界の階層的な差別の頂点には神があり、二元的な分裂をそれでも究極のところで統一してはいた。だからこそ、差別が同時に秩序でもありえたわけだが、しかし、いまもしその神への信仰が突然消滅し、差別や分裂が差別や分裂としてのみ残存するに至ったとすれば、いったいどうなるか。すべてが支離滅裂となり、混沌(こんとん)に帰する以外にないであろう。「結局、何がおこったのか? 現存在の全体的性格は“目的”という概念によっても、“統一”という概念によっても、“真理”という概念によっても解釈されてはならない、ということが理解されたとき、無価値性の感情が得られたのである」。

[山崎庸佑]

ニヒリズムの遠因

ニヒリズムという「無価値性の感情」はいったいどこからくるかという問いに対しては、前記のような次第で、社会的な困窮状態や生理学上の変質や心的困窮といったものからではなくて、「一つのまったく特定の解釈、つまりキリスト教的、道徳的な解釈」からくると答えなければならない。

 生成変化に超然とした彼岸的真理の秩序、その秩序の根であるキリスト教の神への信仰が動揺し、差別や分裂が差別や分裂としてのみ残存するに至るところにニヒリズムは発生するが、そのことは、「“神的”であり、道徳の化身でもあるような彼岸」、もともと「調製する権利」のなかった虚構に2000年の信を置いてきたことの報いが一転した「無価値性の感情」だということを意味する。あまりにも長く「特定の解釈」に信を置き続けた人間が、その特定の解釈、キリスト教的世界観の動揺を経験するとき、彼はその世界観だけではなく、世界観一般、それどころか世界そのものの無価値性の感情に襲われるのである。

[山崎庸佑]

『西谷啓治著『ニヒリズム』(1972・創文社)』『渡辺二郎著『ニヒリズム』(1975・東京大学出版会)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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