Quadratic Functions

Japanese: 二次関数 - にじかんすう
Quadratic Functions

When a, b, and c are constants,
y= ax2 +bx+c (a≠0)
In particular, if the constants b and c are both zero, then y is proportional to the square of x. For example, when a ball is thrown straight up from a height of h meters above the ground at a speed of v 0 meters per second, if the height of the ball after x seconds is y meters above the ground, then the equation y=-4.9x 2 +v 0 x+h holds true.

In the following, the domain of this function is the set of all real numbers, and a, b, and c are all real numbers.

where D=b 2 -4ac. The graph of this function is obtained by translating the parabola y=ax 2 by -b/2a along the x-axis and by -D/4a along the y-axis. Therefore, this graph is a parabola with a vertex at (-b/2a, -D/4a) and an axis (axis of symmetry) at x=-b/2a. Furthermore, when a>0, the graph is convex downward, so this function decreases when x<-b/2a and increases when x>-b/2a, reaching a minimum value of -D/4a at x=-b/2a. When a<0, the increase and decrease is reversed, and the function reaches a maximum value of -D/4a at x=-b/2a. Also, the value of x when the value of y is zero is the solution to the quadratic equation ax2 +bx+c=0, so when D>0, the graph of the quadratic function y= ax2 +bx+c intersects the x-axis at two points, when D=0 it is tangent to the x-axis, and when D<0 it has no common point with the x-axis.

[Tsuneo Uetake]

[Reference item] | Quadratic equation
Graph of a quadratic function
©Shogakukan ">

Graph of a quadratic function


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

a、b、cを定数とするとき、
  y=ax2+bx+c (a≠0)
で表される関数をいう。とくに、定数bとcがともにゼロであれば、yはxの二乗(平方)に比例する。たとえば、ボールを地上hメートルのところから、毎秒v0メートルの速さで真上に投げ上げるとき、x秒後のボールの高さを地上yメートルとすれば、だいたいy=-4.9x2+v0x+hが成り立つ。

 以下、この関数の定義域は実数全体の集合とし、a、b、cもすべて実数とする。いわゆる「平方完成」によって

と変形できる。ただしD=b2-4acである。この関数のグラフは、放物線y=ax2をx軸の方向に-b/2aだけ、y軸の方向に-D/4aだけ平行移動したものである。したがって、このグラフは、頂点が(-b/2a,-D/4a)、軸(対称軸)がx=-b/2aである放物線となる。また、a>0のとき、グラフは下に凸であるから、この関数はx<-b/2aで減少、x>-b/2aで増加し、x=-b/2aで最小値-D/4aをとる。a<0のときには、増減がこれとは逆になり、x=-b/2aで最大値-D/4aをとる。また、yの値がゼロになるときのxの値は、二次方程式ax2+bx+c=0の解であるから、D>0のとき、二次関数y=ax2+bx+cのグラフはx軸と2点で交わり、D=0のときにはx軸と接し、D<0のときはx軸と共有点をもたない。

[植竹恒男]

[参照項目] | 二次方程式
二次関数のグラフ
©Shogakukan">

二次関数のグラフ


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