Toruń (English spelling)

Japanese: トルン（英語表記）Toruń

The capital of Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship in northern Poland. It is called Thorn in German. It is located on the right bank of the Wisla River, halfway between Gdańsk at the mouth of the river and Warsaw in the middle reaches, east of Bydgoszcz. The Teutonic Knights built a castle in 1230-31, and it flourished as a trading city. In the 14th century, it joined the Hanseatic League. Since the second partition of Poland in 1793, it was part of Prussia until 1919, except for the period of Duchy of Warsaw from 1807 to 1815. Industries such as chemicals, machinery, electrical equipment, and textiles are carried out, and confectionery manufacturing, which has a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, is also thriving. The old town, with many medieval buildings remaining, was registered as a cultural heritage of the World Heritage Site in 1997. There are the 14th century town hall, three Gothic cathedrals, warehouses that recall the once thriving grain trade, the remains of the riverside wall, and an ethnographic museum that collects relics from the Pomeranian region. The city is the birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), and has a bronze statue and a university named after him (founded in 1945). Population: 211,243 (2002).

Torun
Thorn, Gaston

Born: September 3, 1928, Luxembourg
[Died] August 26, 2007. Luxembourg Luxembourg politician. After World War II, he studied law at universities in Switzerland and Paris. In 1957, he was a member of the Luxembourg City Council. In 1959, he was a member of the National Assembly and the Council of Europe. Since 1961, he has been the leader of the Democratic Party. In 1968, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1974, he was Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs. From 1975 to 1976, he was President of the UN General Assembly. In 1976, he was President of the Council of the European Communities, and from 1981 to 1984, he was President of the EC. He was a promoter of European integration.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ポーランド北部，クヤフスコ・ポモルスキェ県の県都。ドイツ語ではトーン Thorn。ウィスワ川の右岸，河口のグダニスクと中流のワルシャワとのほぼ中間，ビドゴシュチの東方に位置する。 1230～31年にドイツ騎士団が城を築き，以後交易都市として繁栄。 14世紀にはハンザ同盟に加盟。 1793年の第2次ポーランド分割以来，1807～15年のワルシャワ公国時代を除き，1919年までプロシア領であった。化学，機械，電機，繊維などの工業が行なわれ，中世からの伝統をもつ菓子製造も盛ん。旧市街を中心に中世の建物が多く残る町並みは，1997年世界遺産の文化遺産に登録。 14世紀の市庁舎，ゴシック様式の三つの聖堂，かつての盛んな穀物取り引きを偲ばせる倉庫群，川沿いの城壁跡，ポモージェ地方の遺物を集めた民俗博物館などがある。ニコラウス・コペルニクス (ポーランド語でミコワイ・コペルニク，1473～1543) の生地で，銅像および名前を冠した大学 (1945創立) がある。人口 21万 1243 (2002) 。

トルン
Thorn， Gaston

[生]1928.9.3. ルクセンブルク
[没]2007.8.26. ルクセンブルク
ルクセンブルクの政治家。第2次世界大戦後スイスとパリの大学で法学を学んだ。 1957年ルクセンブルク市評議会議員。 1959年国会議員兼ヨーロッパ議会 Council of Europe議員。 1961年以来民主党党首。 1968年外務大臣。 1974年首相兼外相。 1975～76年国連総会議長。 1976年ヨーロッパ共同体 EC理事会議長，1981～84年 EC委員長。ヨーロッパ統合の推進者。

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