Chicken

Japanese: 鶏肉 - けいにく
Chicken

Chickens were domesticated about 6,000 years ago from wild fowl that still live in the virgin forests of Southeast Asia, and spread throughout the world from Southeast Asia and South Asia to the Middle East and China. During this time, chickens have been improved mainly in China, Europe, and America, and hundreds of different chicken breeds have been created.

[Toru Komai]

Chicken breed

The types of chickens raised around the world can be broadly divided into egg-producing breeds, dual-purpose breeds, and meat breeds, but many pet and ornamental chicken breeds are also raised. The most commonly raised egg-producing breeds are the White Leghorn, the dual-purpose breed Rhode Island Red, and the meat breed is a cross between a white Cornish male and a white Plymouth Rock female.

As of 1998, there were approximately 3.5 billion laying hens kept around the world, and approximately 40 billion meat chickens (mainly broilers) produced annually.

[Toru Komai]

Chicken consumption

As there are no religious taboos against chicken, it is consumed daily by all ethnic groups and countries around the world, but as of 1998, the countries with the highest annual per capita consumption (weight of meat on the bone) were the United States (44 kilograms), Kuwait (41 kilograms), Israel (40 kilograms), the Dominican Republic (38 kilograms), and Cyprus (35 kilograms). In Japan, the figure is 15 kilograms, accounting for one-third of total meat consumption. The world's average annual per capita consumption is about 10 kilograms, and is increasing by 4-5% each year.

[Toru Komai]

Japanese Chicken

In Japan, chicken has long been cooked with the skin still attached (main meat) after removing the bones, and it is said that the breast or thigh meat was called "kashiwa" (oak leaf) due to its shape and color.

Due to the rapid development of the broiler industry after World War II, most chicken meat in Japan was broiler until the 1980s. However, since the 1990s, in response to diversifying and higher-end demand, production of broiler chicken breeds raised on special feed, "branded chickens" raised for long periods of time, and "local chickens" using native chicken breeds has increased, and as of 1999 (Heisei 11), the proportions of domestically produced chicken are 45% broiler meat, 35% imported broiler meat, 14% branded chicken, 1% local chicken, and 5% adult chicken meat (culled egg-laying hens, mainly used as a processed material).

[Toru Komai]

Types and dishes

Broiler meat is soft and has a light taste, making it suitable for yakitori, karaage, fries, barbecues, etc. Branded chickens that have been raised for longer than broilers and local chickens that have been raised for even longer have a lot of extracts (taste-providing components such as free amino acids and inosinic acid) in the meat, which is somewhat tough, making it suitable for stews, simmered dishes, and hot pot dishes. Adult chickens (culled egg-laying hens) that are around 20 months old have tough meat and skin, making them suitable for processed products such as sausages and meatballs.

Other by-products besides meat include bone-in chicken wings, which are suitable for grilling, liver (liver and heart), which is suitable for stewing, and gizzard (gizzard), which is suitable for deep frying.

[Toru Komai]

Quality and freshness

Freshness is of utmost importance for chicken meat, because chicken meat has a short maturation time (within 24 hours after processing) and contains a lot of easily oxidized fats (unsaturated fatty acids). However, the fresher the meat, the better the quality and flavor, and chicken meat during rigor mortis is tough and unpalatable. After 8 to 24 hours have passed since death (processing), the amount of flavorful components such as inosinic acid and free amino acids increases, improving the flavor, and rigor mortis breaks down, making the meat softer. Therefore, chicken meat is best cooked 8 to 24 hours after processing, and even if stored at a low temperature (around 0°C), it is best to consume it within 48 to 72 hours. Also, if breast meat is deboned and butchered immediately after processing, it will become tough, so in order to enjoy it to the fullest, it is best to refrigerate the whole chicken for around 8 hours before butchering it.

[Toru Komai]

Types, parts and ingredients

In general, the older the chicken, the less water it contains and the tougher the meat becomes. Even though they are both chicken, the breast and thigh meat (leg meat) have different ingredients. Young chicken breast meat (without skin) is 22.9% protein and 2.4% fat, while thigh meat (without skin) is 18% protein and 7.4% fat. Thigh meat is considered to have a strong flavor due to its high fat content, while breast meat is considered to have a lighter flavor due to its low fat content, but breast meat actually has more flavor components (inosinic acid and amino acids) and the amino acid composition of chicken breast meat is similar to that of bonito.

In Japan, where seafood is consumed in large quantities, thigh meat, which has a beef-like flavor and is high in fat, is preferred over breast meat, which has a light flavor similar to fish meat. On the other hand, in Europe and the United States, where beef consumption is high, breast meat is preferred. In the Tokyo market, the wholesale price of breast meat is half that of thigh meat, but in the New York market, the wholesale price of breast meat is two to three times that of thigh meat.

[Toru Komai]

Foodservice industry ingredients

Chicken meat is inexpensive, available in large quantities and in a stable supply, and is suitable for any type of cooking or seasoning, which is why it is used in large quantities in the food service industry, particularly as an ingredient in fast food and finger foods (such as fried chicken). Fried chicken, yakitori, and karaage are typical examples, and in Japan, chicken consumption in the food service industry is said to account for 60% of total chicken consumption. Demand for fresh meat for home cooking is about 30%, with the remaining 10% being used as a raw material for processed foods.

Recently, imports of chicken (mainly broilers) have increased, and now account for about 35% of the domestic chicken distribution volume. Imported chicken is used as an ingredient in the food service industry or processed food, and is said to be rarely sold as fresh meat in retail stores, but some is imported as semi-finished or prepared products from Thailand, Brazil, China, etc. (for example, yakitori).

[Toru Komai]

[References] | Poultry dishes | Chickens | Broilers
Chicken parts
1. Wing base: The part at the base of the upper arm. 2. Wing tip: The tip of the wing excluding the base of the upper arm (wing base) and the middle of the wing. Sometimes wing tip and middle of the wing are called wing tip. 3. Wing middle: The part excluding the base of the upper arm (wing base) and the fingers (wing tip). This part is processed to make it easier to eat and is called "tulip". 4. Breast meat: The breast part. 5. Thigh meat: The part from the leg to the base of the thigh. 6. Fillet: The part attached to the sternum at the back of the breast. In addition to the pair on the left and right, other edible parts include the skin, kumquats (abdominal eggs, eggs before ovulation), comb, baby meat (neck meat), momiji (part below the ankle), and the tail, which is called bonjiri, bonbochi, sankaku, or gonbo. ©Takashi Aoki ">

Chicken parts

Chicken by-product parts
Parts of chicken by-products (secondary items) 1. Liver: Heart. Also called Hatsu or Kokoro 2. Liver: Liver. Also called Liver 3. Gizzard: Muscular part of stomach. Also called Gizzard, Sand Bag, Sand Slipper, Gizzard © Takashi Aoki ">

Chicken by-product parts


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ニワトリは、いまでも東南アジアの原生林に生息する野鶏が約6000年前ころから家禽(かきん)化されたもので、東南アジア、南アジアから中近東や中国を経て全世界に普及した。この間おもに中国、ヨーロッパ諸国、アメリカなどで改良され、数百種類の鶏種が作出されてきた。

[駒井 亨]

鶏種

世界中で飼育されているニワトリの種類は、卵用種、卵肉兼用種、肉用種に大別されるが、愛玩(あいがん)・観賞用の鶏種も多数飼育されている。もっとも多数飼育されているのは、卵用種では白色レグホン、卵肉兼用種ではロードアイランドレッド、肉用種では白色コーニッシュ雄と白色プリマスロック雌との交雑種である。

 1998年現在世界中で飼われている採卵鶏は約35億羽、また1年間に生産される肉用鶏(主としてブロイラー)は約400億羽に上る。

[駒井 亨]

鶏肉の消費

鶏肉は宗教的な禁忌がまったくないので、世界のあらゆる民族、国家で日常的に消費されているが、1998年現在、国民1人当りの年間消費量(骨付肉重量)がとくに多い国は、アメリカ(44キログラム)、クウェート(41キログラム)、イスラエル(40キログラム)、ドミニカ(38キログラム)、キプロス(35キログラム)などである。日本は15キログラムで、全食肉消費量の3分の1を占める。世界の1人当り平均年間消費量は約10キログラムで、毎年4~5%ずつ増加している。

[駒井 亨]

日本の鶏肉

日本では昔から鶏肉は骨を外した皮つき肉(正肉)の形で料理されることが多く、胸肉や、もも肉一枚の形や色から「かしわ(柏の葉)」とよばれたともいわれている。

 第二次世界大戦後、急速に発達したブロイラー産業によって、1980年代まで日本の鶏肉は大部分がブロイラーであったが、90年代以降、需要の多様化、高級化に対応して、ブロイラー用の鶏種を特別の飼料で飼育したり、長期間飼育した「銘柄鶏」や在来鶏種を利用した「地鶏」などの生産が増加し、1999年(平成11)現在、国内産の鶏肉はブロイラー肉45%、輸入ブロイラー肉35%、銘柄鶏肉14%、地鶏肉1%、成鶏肉(採卵鶏の廃鶏で主として加工原料)5%の割合となっている。

[駒井 亨]

種類と料理

ブロイラーの肉はやわらかく、味が淡白なため、焼き鳥、から揚げ、フライ、バーベキューなどに適しており、ブロイラーより飼育日数の長い銘柄鶏や、さらに長期間飼育した地鶏は肉の中にエキス(遊離アミノ酸やイノシン酸などの呈味=うまみ成分)が多く、肉がやや硬いので、シチュー、煮物、鍋料理に適している。約20か月齢前後の成鶏(採卵鶏の廃鶏)は肉、皮ともに硬いので、ソーセージ、ミートボールなどの加工品原料となる。

 正肉以外の副産品では、焼きものに適した骨付手羽(てば)、煮物に適した肝(きも)(肝臓および心臓)、揚げものに適した砂肝(すなぎも)(筋胃)などがある。

[駒井 亨]

品質と鮮度

鶏肉は鮮度が最重要視されるが、これは鶏肉の熟成時間が短いこと(処理後24時間以内)と酸化しやすい脂肪(不飽和脂肪酸)が多いことによる。しかし鮮度がよければよいほど肉質、肉味がよいというわけではなく、死後硬直中の鶏肉は硬くてまずい。鶏肉は死後(処理後)8~24時間経過すると、イノシン酸や遊離アミノ酸などの呈味成分が増えて味がよくなり、死後硬直も解けて肉がやわらかくなる。したがって鶏肉は処理後8~24時間に調理するのがもっともよく、低温(0℃前後)で貯蔵した場合でも、48~72時間以内に消費することが望ましい。また胸肉は処理後すぐに脱骨解体すると肉が硬くなるので、胸肉をおいしく食べるためには、丸どりのまま8時間前後冷蔵した後に解体することが望ましい。

[駒井 亨]

種類・部位と成分

鶏肉は一般に、日齢が進むほど水分がやや少なくなり、肉が硬くなる。また同じ鶏肉でも胸肉ともも肉(脚の肉)では成分が異なる。若どりの胸肉(皮なし)は、タンパク質22.9%、脂質2.4%であるのに対して、もも肉(皮なし)は、タンパク質18%、脂質7.4%で、もも肉は脂肪が多いために味が濃く、胸肉は脂肪が少ないために味が淡白とみられているが、肉そのものの呈味成分(イノシン酸やアミノ酸)は胸肉のほうがむしろ多く、鶏の胸肉のアミノ酸組成はカツオに近似している。

 魚貝類の消費の多い日本では、魚肉に類似した淡白な胸肉よりも牛肉に類似した風味をもち脂肪の多いもも肉が好まれる。一方、牛肉の消費量の多い欧米ではまったく逆に胸肉が選好される。東京市場での卸売価格は、胸肉はもも肉の半値であるが、ニューヨーク市場では胸肉の卸売価格はもも肉の2~3倍もしている。

[駒井 亨]

外食産業の食材

安価で大量に安定供給される鶏肉は、どのような料理、味つけにも適していることも手伝って、外食産業、とくにファーストフードやフィンガーフード(たとえばフライドチキンなど)の食材として大量に利用されている。フライドチキン、焼き鳥、から揚げなどはその代表的なもので、日本の場合、外食産業での鶏肉消費は鶏肉全消費量の6割を占めるといわれている。家庭での調理用の生鮮肉需要は約3割で、残りの1割は加工食品原料である。

 最近は鶏肉(主としてブロイラー)の輸入が増えて、国内の鶏肉流通量の約35%を占めるに至っている。輸入鶏肉は外食産業の食材や加工食品原料として利用され、小売店頭で生鮮肉として販売されることはほとんどないといわれているが、タイ、ブラジル、中国などから半製品や調製品として輸入されるものもある(たとえば焼き鳥など)。

[駒井 亨]

[参照項目] | 鳥料理 | ニワトリ | ブロイラー
鶏肉の部位
1 手羽もと:上腕の付け根部分2 手羽さき:上腕の付け根(手羽もと)、手羽なかを除いた翼の先端部分。手羽なかとあわせて手羽さきとよぶこともある3 手羽なか:上腕の付け根(手羽もと)と手指(手羽さき)を除いた部分。この部分を食べやすく加工したものを「チューリップ」とよぶ4 胸肉:胸部分5 もも肉:足からももの付け根にかけての部位6 ささみ:胸肉の奥の胸骨についている部位で、左右に1対あるほかに、かわ(皮)、きんかん(腹卵。排卵前の卵)、とさか(鶏冠)、子肉(首肉)、もみじ(足首より下の部位)や、ぼんじり、ぼんぼち、さんかく、ごんぼなどとよばれるテール(尻尾)などが食用とされる©青木 隆">

鶏肉の部位

ニワトリの副産品の部位
ニワトリの副産品(副品目)の部位1 肝:心臓。ハツ、ココロともいう2 肝:肝臓。レバーともいう3 砂肝:胃袋の筋肉部分。筋胃、砂袋、砂摺、砂嚢ともいう©青木 隆">

ニワトリの副産品の部位


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