French composer. Born on August 22nd in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, into a poor family far from an artistic background. It was his aunt who first introduced him to music, but he soon began studying piano with Verlaine's stepmother, Madame Mothété de Fleurville, and thanks to her efforts, he entered the Paris Conservatory at the age of 10, where he remained until winning the Prix de Rome in 1884 for his cantata "The Prodigal Son." During that time, he toured Europe as a pianist for Madame von Meck, famous as Tchaikovsky's patron. The two-year boarding period in Rome required for the winner of the Prix de Rome was not satisfying for him, who was introverted and unsociable. After writing the required number of pieces, he immediately returned to Paris and joined the artistic salon where Symbolist poets gathered. In particular, his attendance as the only musician at Mallarmé's "Tuesday Society" left a strong mark on his music. Two major events occurred during this period in his composing career. The first was his visit to Bayreuth in 1888 and 1889, during which he realized the difference between the style he had been devoted to and the style he was seeking. The second was his encounter with Javanese gamelan music at the Paris World's Fair in 1889. His intoxication with Wagner turned to oppression and intrusiveness, and at the same time, he began to criticize the aesthetics of 19th century romanticism rather than following it, and he began to have a desire to create music with a new sensibility. The non-Western rhythms and scales of gamelan became an important method for him to escape the spell of Wagner. The fruit of this was the orchestral work "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun" (1892-94), inspired by Mallarmé's long poem. Here, he got the clue to his own style that values the sound of each moment. This tendency is also evident in the song collection "Ditty Forgotten" (lyrics by Verlaine, 1888), the first volume of "Enchanting Feasts" (same as above, 1903), and "Three Songs of Bilitis" (lyrics by Pierre Louis, 1897-98). In 1899, he married Rosalie (Lily) Texier, but from around 1903 he became involved with the banker Emma Bardac, causing a major social scandal when Rosalie attempted suicide. Debussy then remarried and had a daughter, Emma (nicknamed Chouchou), in 1905, and he was finally able to lead a peaceful family life. He later composed a collection of piano pieces, "Children's Corner" (1906-08), for his daughter. One of Debussy's representative works from this middle period is the opera "Pelléas et Mélisande" (1902, Paris premiere), based on a libretto by the Belgian symbolist poet Maeterlinck. It took 10 years to conceive since he saw the original drama performed in Paris in 1893, and it is the only opera by Debussy that overcame the pressure of Wagner and valued the original rhythm and intonation of the French language (the opera also includes the unfinished "Fall of the House of Usher" based on Poe's original work, which was revised, orchestrated, and performed in 1977). In "Pelléas et Mélisande," he depicted a mirror-like universe where dreams and reality intertwine in many layers, unique to the symbolist movement, and achieved a more free transition of tone colors that went beyond the framework of 19th century harmony. It was a pursuit of colorful sounds that appealed to the listener's synesthesia, which is truly worthy of being called "colors of sound." This is why he is called an "impressionist musician" or "musician of the impressionist movement." Masterpieces from this period include the orchestral piece La Mer (1903-05), the piano pieces Prints (1903), Images (first series 1904-05, second series 1907), and the song Les Fêtes Erotices, second series (lyrics by Verlaine, 1904). After 1909, he became increasingly ill. The outbreak of World War I also had a major psychological impact. Nevertheless, before the war, he completed the piano collection "Preludes" (first collection 1909-10, second collection 1910-12), D'Annunzio's mystery drama "The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian" (1911), the ballet "Les Jeunes" (1912-13), and the song "Three Poems of Stéphane Mallarmé" (1913), which shows his maturity. During the war, he planned six sonatas that would combine 18th century classical forms with 20th century sounds. Three of them were completed: "Sonata for Cello and Piano" and "Sonata for Flute, Viola and Harp" (both 1915), and "Sonata for Violin and Piano" (1916-17). These were his last works. He died in Paris on March 25, 1918. The cause of death was rectal cancer. [Takashi Funayama] "Great Musicians: People and Works 12 - Debussy" by Hirashima Masao (1966, Ongaku No Tomosha)" ▽ "Debussy - Impressionism and Symbolism" by S. Jarocznizki, translated by Hirashima Masao (1986, Ongaku No Tomosha)" ▽ "Debussy" by A. Golea, translated by Tanamura Shinji (1971, Ongaku No Tomosha)" ▽ "For Music" by Debussy, translated by Sugimoto Hidetaro (1977, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Debussy's Piano Works" by E.R. Schmitz, translated by Oba Yaeko (1984, Zen-On Music Publishers)" [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの作曲家。サン・ジェルマン・アン・レーの、貧しく、芸術的環境からはほど遠い家庭に8月22日に生まれる。その彼を音楽に触れさせたのは伯母だが、まもなくベルレーヌの義母モテ・ド・フルールビル夫人にピアノを学び、彼女の尽力で10歳でパリ音楽院に入学、1884年カンタータ『放蕩(ほうとう)息子』によってローマ大賞を得るまで在学。その間、チャイコフスキーのパトロンとして名高いフォン・メック夫人のピアニストとしてヨーロッパ各地を回ったりした。 ローマ大賞受賞者の義務としての2年間のローマでの寄宿生活は、内向的で非社交的な彼にとって満足のいくものではなかった。規定の数曲を書くや、ただちにパリに帰り、象徴派詩人の集まる芸術サロンに加わった。なかでも、マラルメの「火曜会」にただ1人の音楽家として出席していたことは彼の音楽に強い足跡を残している。また、この時期、彼の作曲活動のうえで二つの大きなできごとがおこっている。一つは、1888、89年のバイロイト訪問により、それまで傾倒していたワーグナーと自己の求める様式との相違を自覚したこと、もう一つは89年のパリ万国博覧会でジャワのガムラン音楽に触れたことである。ワーグナーに対する陶酔が、重苦しさ、押し付けがましさに変わると同時に、19世紀ロマン主義の美学に追随するのではなく、それを批判し、新たな感覚の音楽をつくる意欲が生まれてきたのである。そしてガムランの非西洋的リズムや音階が、ワーグナーの呪縛(じゅばく)から逃れるための重要な手法となった。その結実が、マラルメの長詩に霊感を得た管弦楽曲『牧神の午後への前奏曲』(1892~94)である。ここで彼は、瞬間瞬間の響きをたいせつにする独自のスタイルへ向かう手掛りを得た。この傾向は歌曲集『忘れられた小唄(こうた)』(ベルレーヌ作詩、1888)、『艶(えん)なる宴(うたげ)』第一集(同上、1903)、『ビリティスの三つの唄』(ピエール・ルイス作詞、1897~98)にも現れている。 1899年、ロザリー(リリー)・テクシエと結婚したが、1903年ごろから銀行家のエンマ・バルダック夫人と恋仲になり、ロザリーが自殺未遂をおこすなど大きな社会的スキャンダルとなる。そして、再婚したドビュッシーとエンマの間には、05年に娘エンマ(愛称シュシュ)が生まれ、彼はやっと平和な家庭生活を営むようになる。のちに彼は愛娘のためにピアノ曲集『子どもの領分』を作曲(1906~08)している。 この中期の代表作に、ベルギーの象徴派詩人メーテルリンクの台本によるオペラ『ペレアスとメリザンド』(1902・パリ初演)がある。原作のドラマのパリ公演を見た1893年以来、構想10年、ワーグナーの重圧を克服し、フランス語本来のリズムや抑揚をたいせつにしたドビュッシー唯一のオペラである(なおオペラにはポー原作の未完の『アッシャー家の崩壊』があり、補作、管弦楽化され、1977年に試演された)。『ペレアスとメリザンド』で彼は象徴派独特の幾重にも夢と現実が交錯しあう鏡のような宇宙を描き、19世紀的和声法の枠を越えた、より自由な音色の移り変わりを実現した。それは、まさに「音の色」とよぶにふさわしい、聴く者の共感覚に訴えかける色彩的な響きの追究であった。これが、彼を「印象主義的音楽家」「印象派の音楽家」とよぶゆえんである。 この時期の傑作として、管弦楽曲『海』(1903~05)、ピアノ曲『版画』(1903)、『影像』(第一集1904~05、第二集1907)、歌曲『艶なる宴』第二集(ベルレーヌ作詩、1904)があげられる。 1909年以降、彼はしだいに病に伏しがちとなる。また、第一次世界大戦勃発(ぼっぱつ)も大きな精神的ショックを与えた。それでも大戦前にはピアノ曲集『前奏曲』(第一集1909~10、第二集1910~12)、ダンヌンツィオの神秘劇『聖セバスチャンの殉教』(1911)、バレエ曲『遊戯』(1912~13)、歌曲『ステファヌ・マラルメの三つの詩』(1913)などが完成され、円熟ぶりがうかがえる。そして大戦中、18世紀の古典主義的形式に20世紀の響きを接合する六つのソナタが計画された。完成したのはそのうちの三つで、『チェロとピアノのためのソナタ』『フルート、ビオラとハープのためのソナタ』(ともに1915)、『バイオリンとピアノのためのソナタ』(1916~17)である。これらが彼の最後の作品となった。1918年3月25日、パリにて死去。死因は直腸癌(がん)であった。 [船山 隆] 『平島正郎著『大音楽家・人と作品12 ドビュッシー』(1966・音楽之友社)』▽『S・ヤロチニスキ著、平島正郎訳『ドビュッシイ――印象主義と象徴主義』(1986・音楽之友社)』▽『A・ゴレア著、店村新次訳『ドビュッシー』(1971・音楽之友社)』▽『ドビュッシー著、杉本秀太郎訳『音楽のために』(1977・白水社)』▽『E・R・シュミッツ著、大場哉子訳『ドビュッシーのピアノ作品』(1984・全音楽譜出版社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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