Dawes Act - Dawes Severalty Act

Japanese: ドーズ法 - どーずほう(英語表記)Dawes Severalty Act
Dawes Act - Dawes Severalty Act

This law could be considered a homestead law for the Native Americans of North America (American Indians). It was enacted on February 8, 1887, and is named after its proposer, Senator H. Dawes. More precisely, it is an act to provide for the allotment of lands to the Indians residing in the various reservations, for the extension to the Indians of the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories, and for other purposes. The Dawes Act did not apply to all Native American groups, and was not applied to the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole), Osage, Miami, and Sac Fox, who were in different situations.

The Dawes Act stipulated that the President be authorized to allocate land within the reservation to the Native Americans living there, with 160 acres (one quarter of a section, approximately 0.6 square kilometers) to the head of a family, 80 acres to single people over the age of 18, 80 acres to orphans under the age of 18, and 40 acres to people under the age of 18 currently residing there, that the land be held by the United States for 25 years, and that the Native Americans be granted United States citizenship. However, several times the total area allocated to the Native Americans under the Act was allocated to white people. It was not until the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 that all Native Americans were granted United States citizenship.

[Ueda Denmei]

"A Study on the History of the Collapse of the Indian Constitution" by Denmei Ueda (1974, Nippon Hyoronsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北アメリカの先住民(アメリカ・インディアン)に対する自営農地法(ホームステッド法)ともいうべき法律。1887年2月8日に制定され、提案者である上院議員H・ドーズにちなんでよばれる。正確には「種々の特別居住区に住むインディアンに単独所有で土地を割り当てること、アメリカ合衆国およびテリトリーの法律の保護をインディアンに広げること、およびその他の目的を規定する法」という。ドーズ法はすべての先住民集団に適用されるのではなく、異なった状況にあった文明化された五部族(チェロキー、クリーク、チカソー、チョクトー、セミノール)やオーセジ、マイアミおよびサック・フォックスなどには適用されなかった。

 ドーズ法は、特別居住区内の土地を、そこに住む先住民に対し、家族の長に160エーカー(一セクションの4分の1。約0.6平方キロメートル)、18歳以上の独身者に80エーカー、18歳未満の孤児に80エーカー、現に居住する18歳未満の者などに40エーカー割り当てる権限を大統領に与えること、その土地は合衆国が25年間保管すること、およびかかる先住民に対し合衆国の市民権を与えること、などを規定している。しかし、同法によって先住民に割り当てられた総面積の数倍もの土地が白人に割り当てられた。すべての先住民に合衆国の市民権が与えられたのは、1924年のインディアン市民権法Indian Citizenship Actによってである。

[上田伝明]

『上田伝明著『インディアン憲法崩壊史研究』(1974・日本評論社)』

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