Turku - Turku (English spelling)

Japanese: トゥルク - とぅるく(英語表記)Turku
Turku - Turku (English spelling)

Located in the southwestern tip of Finland, facing the Turku Islands, this is the country's oldest city. It is also called Turku. Swedish name is Åbo. Population 173,686 (2001). It was the capital of Finland until 1812 during the Swedish rule, and is known for historical buildings such as the Great Church, the castle, and the Turku Academy. The Valsinais-Suomi region, centered on Turku, means "true Finland" and is the agricultural region that developed the fastest and has the largest percentage of cultivated land. As a result, industry lacks the lumber, pulp, and paper manufacturing that are characteristic of Finland's industries, but sugar beet and flour milling industries are thriving against the backdrop of thriving agriculture, and the food industry occupies a high position. Fertilizer, textiles, metals, and machinery are also important, but shipbuilding, such as icebreakers, is particularly thriving.

It was the base of Swedish rule over Finland, but during the 19th century Russian rule it lost its prosperity to the current capital, Helsinki. It is believed that a prehistoric port was located a few kilometers upstream on the Aura River that runs through the city, but it is said that the land gradually advanced due to uplift after the ice age.

[Hideo Tsukada]

history

The area around the mouth of the Aura River has been a trading center since ancient times, and ruins have revealed that from around the 7th century, there was exchange with the Baltic countries and Gotland Island in southeastern Sweden. The year 1229, when the name first appears in a papal bull, is considered the year of the founding of the city of Turku. In the 13th century, the Dominican monastery, the cathedral, and Turku Castle were built, and the traffic of Hanseatic merchants became frequent, and the city developed into a political, religious, and commercial center. The population at that time was said to be 2,000 to 3,000, but it did not develop easily due to wars, epidemics, and fires. In the 17th century, when Sweden was on the rise, it became the residence of the governor and became the capital of Finland in both name and reality, and the Supreme Court and the first university were built. After the Great Northern War (1700-21), industries such as spinning, tobacco, and shipbuilding began to take off, and the first newspaper was published. When Finland was annexed by Russia in the 19th century, the capital changed to Helsinki, and the university was also moved there the year after the Great Fire of 1827, but it maintained its position as a church center. In the 1890s, industrialization progressed further, and the resulting population increase led to the incorporation of surrounding rural areas.

[Kenichi Tamao]

[References] | Great Northern War | Tampere | Finland | Helsinki
Turku Castle
The oldest castle in Finland, built in the 13th century. It is open to the public as a historical museum. Turku, Finland ©Shogakukan ">

Turku Castle


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フィンランド南西端、トゥルク諸島を前面に控えたこの国最古の都市。ツルクともいう。スウェーデン名オーボÅbo。人口17万3686(2001)。スウェーデン統治時代を通じ、1812年までフィンランドの首都であり、大教会、城、トゥルク・アカデミーなどの歴史的建造物が知られている。トゥルクを中心とするバルシナイス・スオミ地方は「真のフィンランド」を意味し、もっとも開発が早く、耕地率最大の農耕地域である。そのため工業は、この国の産業に特徴的な製材、パルプ、製紙を欠き、盛んな農業を背景にテンサイ糖工業、製粉業が盛んであり、食料品工業の占める地位が高い。そのほかに肥料、繊維、金属、機械が重要であるが、なかでも砕氷船など造船が盛んである。

 スウェーデンによるフィンランド支配の拠点であったが、19世紀のロシア支配時代に繁栄を現在の首都ヘルシンキに奪われた。先史時代の港湾が、市内を流れるアウラ川を数キロメートルさかのぼった所にあったと考えられているが、氷河期以降の地盤隆起によりしだいに陸地が前進したといわれる。

[塚田秀雄]

歴史

アウラ川河口周辺は古くから交易の中心地であり、7世紀ごろからはバルト諸国、スウェーデン南東部のゴトランド島とも交流していたことが遺跡から明らかになっている。教皇教書に初めてその名の現れる1229年をもって、トゥルク市創立の年とされている。この13世紀にドミニコ会修道院、大聖堂、トゥルク城が建立され、またハンザ商人の往来も頻繁になり、市は政治、宗教、商業の中心地として形成されていく。当時の人口は2000~3000とされているが、戦争、疫病、火災などのため容易に発展しなかった。17世紀のスウェーデン興隆期に入り、総督の居住地となることによって名実ともにフィンランドの首都になり、上級裁判所、初めての大学などが建設された。大北方戦争(1700~21)後、紡織、たばこ、造船などの産業が緒につき始め、初の新聞も発行された。19世紀に入ってフィンランドがロシアに併合されると首都はヘルシンキにかわり、1827年の大火災の翌年大学もそこに移されたが、教会の中心地としての地位は保った。1890年代に入り、工業化がいっそう進み、それに伴う人口増加により周辺農村部を編入した。

[玉生謙一]

[参照項目] | 大北方戦争 | タンペレ | フィンランド | ヘルシンキ
トゥルク城
13世紀に建てられたフィンランド最古の城。歴史博物館として公開されている。フィンランド トゥルク©Shogakukan">

トゥルク城


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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