It mainly refers to the ability of humans and animals to foresee behavior that is key to solving problems in problem solving situations. As a result, a new direction of behavior suddenly emerges, and it appears that the problem has been solved. In the German psychologist Köhler's circuitous path experiment with chimpanzees, for example, when the animal was blocked by a fence and could not reach out to get a banana directly, the animal noticed a stick placed in the cage, picked it up, and succeeded in pulling the banana through the gap in the fence. The key to solving the problem is to properly link the experience of grabbing the banana with the experience of grasping the stick, and insight is the key to reconstruction and restructuring of experience. Learning that includes insight is called insight learning. Meanwhile, in the problem box experiment by American psychologist Thorndike, it was reported that a cat repeatedly tried and failed, and then appeared to come out of the box by chance. This is called trial and error learning. This distinction is descriptive; depending on the structure and difficulty of the problem, one type of learning behavior will be more prominent than the other. [Takashi Ogawa] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
主として問題解決problem solvingの場面で解決の鍵(かぎ)となる行動を、人および動物が見通すことを意味する。その結果、外見的には突然新しい行動の方向が生じ、解決がなされるようにみえる。ドイツの心理学者ケーラーのチンパンジーの回(まわ)り路(みち)実験では、たとえば柵に遮断されて、手を伸ばしても直接バナナをとれない場合、動物が、檻(おり)の中に置かれた棒に気づいてこれをとり、柵の間からバナナをかき寄せることに成功した。バナナをとった経験と棒を握った経験とを適切に結び付けることが解決の鍵で、洞察は経験の再構成reconstruction、構造転換restructureなどがポイントになる。洞察を含む学習を洞察学習insight learningといっている。一方、アメリカの心理学者ソーンダイクの問題箱の実験では、ネコが試みと仕損じを繰り返して、外見上、偶然に箱の外に出てくる経過が報告されている。これを試行錯誤学習trial and error learningという。この区別は記述的なもので、問題場面の構造、難易度によって、学習行動にいずれかが際だって認められる。 [小川 隆] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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