French sociologist. Born April 15th in Épinal, Lorraine, eastern France. Graduated from the Ecole Normale Supérieure in 1882. Served as professor at the University of Bordeaux and then at the University of Paris. He worked to establish a unique methodology for sociology, and based on that, he studied various issues in Western European society at the time, such as the division of labor, suicide, family, state, law, and socialism, as well as primitive religions in search of the prototype of social life, achieving many fruitful results. He also founded and presided over the Annals of Sociology (1898-1913), and led a large group of sociologists known as the Durkheim School, which had a great influence on the subsequent development of sociology. His main works include The Division of Labor in Society (1893), Rules of Sociological Method (1895), Suicide (1897), and Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912). He aimed to establish sociology as a unique science of social facts, independent of philosophical speculation and individualistic and psychological methods of explanation. The central principle of the method he formulated was to regard social facts as unique entities that could not be reduced to the will of individuals, to consider them objectively "like things," and to explain their emergence and development in relation to various social environments. He applied this method to a variety of research subjects, explaining the development of the division of labor in terms of changes in social forms, including population growth, and explaining the fluctuations in suicide rates in each society in terms of the influence of socio-economic and moral environments. In particular, his research on suicide, which used a large amount of statistics from European countries as data, is regarded as a classic and model for empirical sociological research. Furthermore, his research on religion, to which he devoted his efforts in his later years, clarified the nature of religion as a social phenomenon in relation to the totem beliefs of the Australian aborigines, making a significant contribution to the later development of the sociology of religion. However, these studies were not only guided by methodological interests, but were also based on an awareness of the crisis caused by the social changes brought about by the rapid and unregulated industrialization of the time. From this perspective, he viewed the breakdown of social solidarity as a result of unregulated division of labor, the isolation of individuals from society and the spread of utilitarianism, the abnormal expansion of desires, and the increase in suicides. It should not be overlooked that the practical nature of his sociological thinking can be seen in the fact that he grasped and diagnosed these problematic situations with his unique concept of anomie (no norms, no regulation), and at the same time, pursued ways to solve them. He died in Paris on November 15, 1917. [Takashi Miyajima] "Suicide" translated by Miyajima Takashi (included in "47 World Masterpieces", 1968, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Modern Sociology 2: The Division of Social Labor" translated by Tahara Otowa (1971, Aoki Shoten)" ▽ "Rules of Sociological Method" translated by Miyajima Takashi (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "The Primary Forms of Religious Life" translated by Furuno Kiyoto (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "A Study of Durkheim's Social Theory" by Miyajima Takashi (1977, University of Tokyo Press)" [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの社会学者。4月15日東フランス、ロレーヌ地方のエピナルに生まれる。1882年エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール(高等師範学校)を卒業。ボルドー大学、ついでパリ大学の教授を務めた。社会学の固有の方法の確立に努め、それに基づき分業、自殺、家族、国家、法、社会主義など当時の西欧社会の諸問題の研究や、社会生活の原型を求めての未開の宗教の考察などに取り組み、豊かな成果をあげた。また『社会学年報』(1898~1913)を創刊、主宰し、デュルケーム学派の名でよばれる多数の社会学者グループを指導し、その後の社会学の展開に大きな影響を及ぼした。おもな著書としては『社会分業論』(1893)、『社会学的方法の規準』(1895)、『自殺論』(1897)、『宗教生活の原初形態』(1912)などがある。 哲学的思弁からも、個人主義的、心理的説明方法からも独立した、独自の社会的事実の科学としての社会学の確立を企図した。社会的事実を個人の心意には還元できない一種独特の実在としてとらえ、これを「事物のように」客観的に考察し、その発生や展開を社会的諸環境と関連づけて説明することが、彼の定式化した方法の中心的原理である。以上の方法がさまざまな研究対象に適用され、分業については、その発展が人口増大をはじめとする社会形態の変化によって説明され、自殺については、各社会の示す自殺率の変動が社会経済的ならびに道徳的環境の影響によって説明されている。とくに彼の自殺研究は、データとしてヨーロッパ各国の統計を大規模に用いており、経験的な社会学研究の古典、雛型(ひながた)として評価されている。また、晩年に努力を傾注した宗教研究は、宗教の社会事象としての性格をオーストラリア先住民のトーテム信仰に即して明らかにしたもので、後の宗教社会学の発展に大きな寄与をなした。 しかし、これらの研究は方法的関心のみによって導かれているのではなく、急激かつ無規制的な当時の産業化の引き起こした社会変動に対する危機認識にも基づいている。分業の無規制の結果である社会的連帯の崩壊、社会からの個人の孤立化と功利主義の蔓延(まんえん)、欲求の異常肥大と自殺の増大などが、そのような視角からとらえられている。これらの問題状況をアノミー(無規範、無規制)という独自の概念をもって把握し、診断し、あわせてその解決のための方途を追究したところに彼の社会学的思考の実践的性格があることも無視されてはならない。1917年11月15日パリで死去した。 [宮島 喬] 『宮島喬訳『自殺論』(『世界の名著47』所収・1968・中央公論社)』▽『田原音和訳『現代社会学体系2 社会分業論』(1971・青木書店)』▽『宮島喬訳『社会学的方法の規準』(岩波文庫)』▽『古野清人訳『宗教生活の原初形態』(岩波文庫)』▽『宮島喬著『デュルケム社会理論の研究』(1977・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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