Hoax - Dema

Japanese: デマ - でま
Hoax - Dema

Abbreviation of "demagogy." In Japan, it is often used as a synonym for rumors or gossip, but originally it describes an undesirable form of political leadership and is usually used with a condemnatory meaning. The word comes from the Greek word "demagogue." It is a form of rule in which so-called demagogues (inflammatory politicians) skillfully use emotional symbols, sensational slogans, false information, etc. to politically manipulate the masses and lead and mobilize them in the direction they intend. A.P. Schindler lists the following criteria for determining demagoguery: (1) personality factors such as the political leader's selfish or calculating intentions or motives, or dishonesty; (2) methods of mass appeal such as oversimplification of the issues and irrational appeals; and (3) dysfunctional results that prevent a correct understanding of the true causes of social and political discontent, as a result of demagogic appeals and leadership that are solely intended to gain the sympathy and support of the people by leveraging the rise of emotional identification with the political leader, without proposing a constructive program of action that can truly resolve the people's discontent.

Demagoguery has long been a common political tactic used by rulers, but even in modern popular democracies it is used as an effective means of mass manipulation, and with the advanced development of the mass media, it has become increasingly sophisticated and subtle. Social and political crisis situations are ideal breeding grounds for the emergence and spread of rumors. In such situations, firstly, the anxiety, fear, prejudice, and hostility of the people are expanded and reproduced, increasing suggestibility, and secondly, the information circuits of social communication, including the mass media, are significantly disrupted, making it difficult to carry out normal activities, resulting in an abnormally high desire for information among the people. Rulers not only use rumours to seize and maintain power, but also label anti-authority rumors that arise spontaneously among the masses and spread secretly as "rumours" and try to suppress and bury them by planting the impression that they are "groundless rumors" or "malicious rumors that disrupt order." This is how conceptual confusion between rumours and rumors arises.

Rumors from below, which arise spontaneously among the people and spread by word of mouth, often contain a kernel of truth and often arise as a passive resistance to the oppression and repression of political power. Therefore, a conceptual distinction must be made between "rumors from above" (official rumors) that are deliberately and systematically planned and spread by rulers for their own political purposes, and "rumors from below" (false rumors). However, there are also cases where it is difficult to clearly distinguish between the two, such as when rulers secretly plant false information among the people, making it appear as if it were a spontaneous rumor, and intentionally creating an excuse for oppressing and manipulating the people. In any case, a society in which rumors are rampant and rampant is never healthy. When the free flow of diverse information and mechanisms of competition, backed by freedom of expression, replace the proliferation and rampant rampantness of rumors, democratic politics will achieve vibrant and progressive development.

[Naoyuki Okada]

"The Art of Incitement: The Deception of Prophets" by L. Lowenthal and N. Guterman, translated by Akira Tsujimura (1959, Iwanami Shoten) " "The Psychology of Social Movements" by H. Cantril, translated by Hiroshi Minami et al. (1959, Iwanami Shoten)

[References] | Rumors | Demagogue | Demagogues | Rumors

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

デマゴギーdemagogyの略。わが国では流言やうわさなどの同義語としてしばしば用いるが、本来は政治指導の好ましからざる形態を表し、通例、非難の意味を込めて用いる。ギリシア語のデマゴゴスに由来することばである。いわゆるデマゴーグ(扇動政治家)が情動的シンボル、扇情的スローガン、虚偽情報などを巧みに駆使して、民衆を政治的に操作し、意図した方向に誘導、動員する支配形態のことである。A・P・シンドラーはデマゴギーを判定する基準として、〔1〕政治指導者の利己的、打算的な意図や動機、あるいは不誠実さといった人格的要因、〔2〕論点の極度の単純化、非合理的アピールなど大衆的アピールの方法、〔3〕民衆の不満を真に解決しうる建設的な行動プログラムを提起せずに、ひたすら政治指導者への情緒的一体化の高揚をてこに、民衆の共鳴と支持を得ることに腐心するデマゴギー的なアピールと指導の帰結として、社会的、政治的不満の真の原因の正しい認識を阻害する逆機能的結果、をあげている。

 デマゴギーの政治手法は昔から支配者の常用手段であったが、現代の大衆民主主義のもとでも、大衆操作の有効な手段として利用され、マスコミの高度な発達とともに、ますます巧妙かつ隠微な性格を帯びてきている。社会的、政治的な危機状況はデマの発生と伝播(でんぱ)の格好な温床である。こうした状況のもとでは、一つには、民衆の不安、恐怖、偏見、敵意などが拡大再生産されて、被暗示性を高進せしめるからであり、いま一つは、マスコミをはじめとする社会的コミュニケーションの情報回路が著しく混乱し、正常な営みを遂行しにくくなる結果、民衆の情報欲求が異常に高まるからである。支配者はデマの操作によって権力の掌握や維持を策動するだけでなく、民衆の間で自然発生的に生まれ、ひそかに伝播される反権力的志向の流言に、「デマ」のレッテルを貼(は)って、「事実無根の流説」とか「秩序紊乱(びんらん)の悪質デマ」といった印象を植え付けることで禁圧し、葬り去ろうと画策する。こうして、デマと流言との概念的混乱が生じる。

 民衆のなかで自然発生的に生まれ、口コミで伝播する「下からのデマ」は、しばしば真実の核心を内蔵し、政治権力の弾圧や抑圧への消極的抵抗として発生することが少なくない。したがって、支配者が自己の政治的目的のために、意図的かつ組織的に計略し、流布する「上からのデマ」(官製デマ)と、「下からのデマ」(流言飛語)とは本来、概念的に区別されなければならない。しかし、支配者が内密に民衆のなかに虚偽情報を植え付け、あたかも自然発生的な流言であるかのように仕組んで、民衆の抑圧や操作への口実を意図的につくったりするなど、両者を判然と区別しにくい場合もある。いずれにせよ、デマが飛び交い、はびこる社会はけっして健康ではない。表現の自由に裏打ちされた多様な情報の自由な流通と競合のメカニズムが、デマの氾濫(はんらん)と跳梁(ちょうりょう)にとってかわるときに、民主主義政治は活力に満ちた前進的な発展を遂げるのである。

[岡田直之]

『L・ローウェンタール、N・グターマン著、辻村明訳『煽動の技術――欺瞞の予言者』(1959・岩波書店)』『H・キャントリル著、南博他訳『社会運動の心理学』(1959・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | うわさ | デマゴーグ | デマゴゴス | 流言

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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