Cheng He - Teiwa

Japanese: 鄭和 - ていわ
Cheng He - Teiwa

A Chinese eunuch of the Ming Dynasty who led seven voyages to the South Seas. Born in Kunyang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, his surname was Ma. He was from a Muslim family. When Yunnan came under the control of the Ming Dynasty, he was captured and made a eunuch. He served the King of Yan (Emperor Yongle), and when he ascended to the throne, he was appointed Chief of the Eunuchs, the Chief of the Naiguan Jian, and was given the surname Zheng. He commanded seven great voyages between 1405 and 1433. The first three voyages of Zheng He's Western voyages (1405-07, 1407-09, 1409-11) ended in Kozhikode (Calicut), and the fourth to seventh voyages (1413-15, 1417-19, 1421-22, 1431-33) ended in Hormuz, but a separate force advanced from the east coast of Africa to the Red Sea. The fleet he led consisted of over 60 large merchant ships (150 meters long, 62 meters wide) called treasure ships or Western treasure ships, with a crew of over 20,000. In addition, in 1424, between the sixth and seventh voyages, he sent a mission to Palembang. Zheng He's Western voyages were not only the largest voyage in Chinese history, but also unprecedented in world history. The main purpose of the voyages was to promote overseas trade directly managed by the government, and they had a major impact not only on China itself, but also on the society and economy of the countries it was traveling to.

It is also important to note that the writings of those accompanying him, such as "Eigai Shengnan" and "Seisa Shengnan," deepened the Chinese people's knowledge of Southeast Asia and marked the beginning of the expansion of overseas Chinese into the region.

[Takanobu Terada]

"Yingya Shenglan" by Ma Huan, translated and annotated by Hiroshi Ogawa (1969, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) " "Terada Takanobu's "China's Great Navigator, Zheng He" (1984, Shimizu Shinsho)"

[Reference items] | Yongai Shoran | Yongle Emperor | Eunuch
Zheng He's Journey to the West
©Shogakukan ">

Zheng He's Journey to the West


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、明(みん)朝の宦官(かんがん)で、七度にわたる南海への航海を指揮した。雲南省昆陽(こんよう)州の生まれで、姓は馬氏。代々のイスラム教徒の家系である。雲南が明朝の支配下に入ったとき、捕らえられて宦官にされた。燕(えん)王(永楽帝)に仕え、その即位とともに、宦官の長官である内官監太監に起用され、鄭姓を賜った。そして1405年から33年の間に、七度の大航海の司令官を務めた。「鄭和の西洋下り」は第1~3次(1405~07、1407~09、1409~11)がコジコーデ(カリカット)、第4~7次(1413~15、1417~19、1421~22、1431~33)がホルムズを最終地としたが、別働隊はアフリカ東岸から紅海沿岸に進出した。彼の率いる船団は宝船、西洋取宝船などとよばれた大型の商船(長さ150メートル、幅62メートル)六十数隻からなり、乗員も二万数千人に上った。このほか第6次と第7次の間の1424年彼はパレンバンに出使している。「鄭和の西洋下り」は中国史上最大の航海事業であったばかりでなく、世界史上にも例のないものであった。その主たる目的は政府直営の海外貿易の促進にあり、中国国内はもちろん、相手国の社会や経済にも大きな影響を及ぼした。

 また、随行者の著作である『瀛涯勝覧(えいがいしょうらん)』『星槎(せいさ)勝覧』などにより、中国人の東南アジア方面に関する知識が深まり、華僑(かきょう)の進出の端緒となったことも見逃せない。

[寺田隆信]

『馬歓著、小川博訳注『瀛涯勝覧』(1969・吉川弘文館)』『寺田隆信著『中国の大航海者・鄭和』(1984・清水新書)』

[参照項目] | 瀛涯勝覧 | 永楽帝 | 宦官
鄭和の西洋下り
©Shogakukan">

鄭和の西洋下り


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