TVA - TVA

Japanese: TVA - てぃーぶいえー
TVA - TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority is an abbreviation for the Tennessee Valley Authority. It was established in 1933 by the F. D. Roosevelt administration as part of the New Deal policy in the United States to carry out comprehensive development of the Tennessee River basin. During World War I, the federal government built a gunpowder manufacturing facility in Muscle Shoals using hydroelectric power from the Tennessee River, but after World War I, Senator George Norris and others proposed a policy to improve and expand the facilities in Muscle Shoals and use them for regional development, such as by producing nitrogen fertilizer. Norris' proposal was not realized under a Republican administration that opposed government projects, but when the Roosevelt administration took office in 1933, the TVA Act was enacted with the aim of full-scale regional development.

TVA engaged in various development projects, such as dam construction, power generation, afforestation, land conservation, flood prevention, water transportation improvement, fertilizer plant construction, and agricultural promotion, in a vast area of ​​41,000 square miles (about 106,000 square kilometers) across seven states, and came to be seen as a symbol of the progressive side of the New Deal. However, government enterprise projects were unusual in the United States, and in 1937 Roosevelt's bill for the "Seven Little TVAs," which attempted to carry out similar development projects in other regions, was opposed by a conservative Congress and failed to pass. By 1951, TVA had built more than 20 dams, generating a total of 18 billion kilowatt hours of electricity. During this time, TVA established appropriate standards for determining electricity rates by calculating the cost of electricity and contributed to regulations for private electric power companies. Overcoming opposition from private electric power companies, TVA supplied abundant electricity to the Tennessee River Basin, which had been underdeveloped until then, and contributed to its development, especially playing an important role as a major energy source in the manufacture of the atomic bomb and the subsequent development of nuclear weapons during World War II. In response to the rapid increase in electricity demand, TVA's electricity production continued to grow after World War II, but it gradually became more dependent on fossil fuel power generation. As a result, a resident movement arose in the 1970s over concerns about the negative impact on the environment, and environmental conservation issues began to be taken into consideration when expanding facilities.

[Kenzaburo Shinkawa]

"TVA" by D. E. Lilienthal, translated by Wada Koroku and Wada Akiyoshi (1979, Iwanami Shoten) " ▽ "TVA's Experimental Regional Policy: From the New Deal Period to the Present" by Kobayashi Kenichi (1994, Ochanomizu Shobo)

[References] | New Deal

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

テネシー川流域開発公社Tennessee Valley Authorityの略称。1933年アメリカ合衆国においてF・D・ルーズベルト政権により、ニューディール政策の一環として設立されたテネシー川流域総合開発事業のための公社。第一次世界大戦期に連邦政府はマッスル・ショールズにテネシー川の水力発電を利用した火薬製造施設を建設したが、第一次世界大戦後ジョージ・ノリス上院議員を中心に、マッスル・ショールズの施設を整備、充実し、窒素肥料の生産などにより地域開発に活用すべきであるという政策提案がなされた。ノリスの提案は、政府の事業に反対する共和党政権の下では実現しなかったが、1933年にルーズベルト政権が発足すると、本格的な地域開発を意図したTVA法が成立した。

 TVAは、七つの州にまたがる4万1000平方マイル(約10万6000平方キロメートル)の広大な地域で、ダム建設と発電、植林、土地保全、洪水防止、水運の改善、肥料工場の建設と農業の振興など、多目的の開発事業に取り組み、ニューディールの進歩的側面の象徴とみなされるまでになった。だが政府企業による事業はアメリカでは異例のことに属し、1937年同様の開発事業を他の地域でも興そうとしたルーズベルトの「七つの小TVA」法案は、保守化した議会の反対で成立をみずに終わった。TVAのダム建設は1951年までに20以上に上り、発電量は合計180億キロワット時に達したが、この間、電力コスト計算により電気料金決定の適正な基準を設け、民間電力会社に対する規則に寄与した。また民間電力会社の反対に対処しながら、それまで後進的状態にあったテネシー川流域に豊富な電力を供給し、その発展に寄与したが、とくに第二次世界大戦期の原子爆弾製造およびそれに続く核兵器開発には、主要なエネルギー供給源として重要な役割を果たした。電力需要の急激な増大に対応して、TVAの電力生産は第二次世界大戦後も伸び続けたが、しだいに火力発電への依存度が高まった。それに伴い1970年代には環境への悪影響を危惧(きぐ)する住民運動が起こり、施設拡張には環境保全の問題が考慮されるようになった。

[新川健三郎]

『D・E・リリエンソール著、和田小六・和田昭允訳『TVA』(1979・岩波書店)』『小林健一著『TVA実験的地域政策の軌跡――ニューディール期から現代まで』(1994・御茶の水書房)』

[参照項目] | ニューディール

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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