Heresy - Itan

Japanese: 異端 - いたん
Heresy - Itan

In a broad sense, it refers to asserting a different position from the generally accepted theory in intellectual or academic circles, and in a narrow sense, it refers to a deviation from orthodox faith due to the adherence to a major doctrinal dissent within a religious group. Therefore, since heresy is a relative concept to orthodoxy, it is an exclusive term used by those who consider their own opinions to be orthodox, and the more binding the authority or organization that determines what is orthodox, the more pronounced the conflict between orthodoxy and heresy becomes.

The Chinese word heresy was used by Confucian scholars to refer to other schools of thought, such as Laozi, Zhuangzi, Yangzi, and Mozi, but in Buddhism there are other terms such as ianjin, ige, igyo, and other forms, and religions other than Buddhism are called heretical or heretical. However, it is in monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam that the conflict between orthodoxy and heresy has been most evident, and it is no exaggeration to say that the history of these religions has been a history of conflict between orthodoxy and heresy.

Except for exceptional cases, heresy refers to a relationship between things that are based on the same religion, and is therefore distinguished from "paganism." Furthermore, since the standard for determining heresy is doctrinal differences, mere sects are not usually considered heretical. For example, Protestant churches are often referred to as "heresies" from the Catholic perspective, but Greek Orthodox Church and Russian Orthodox Church have fewer differences in matters of faith, so they are customarily referred to as "schisms" (secession) rather than heresies.

[J. Swyngedo]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義では、思想界、学界などにおいて、一般に容認されている説に対して異なる立場を主張することをいい、狭義では、一宗教集団内部において、教義上の重大な異説の固執による正統信仰からの逸脱をいう。したがって異端は、正統に対して相関的概念であるだけに、自己の意見を正統とする側からの排他的呼称であり、何が正統であるかを決定する権威あるいは機構が拘束力をもてばもつほど、正統と異端の対立は著しくなる。

 漢語としての異端は、儒者が他の思想、すなわち老子、荘子、楊子(ようし)、墨子など諸子百家を称した語であるが、仏教ではこれに相当する用語として異安心(いあんじん)、異解(いげ)、異流、異形(いぎょう)などがあり、仏教以外の宗教は外道(げどう)、外教(げきょう)などとよばれる。しかし、正統と異端の対立関係がもっとも顕著に現れてきたのは、ユダヤ教、キリスト教およびイスラム教といったような一神教においてであり、その歴史は正統と異端との葛藤(かっとう)の歴史であったといっても過言ではなかろう。

 例外的用法を除いて、異端は、同一の宗教を共通基盤として成り立つものの関係をさすので、「異教」とは区別される。さらに、異端視の規準が教義上の異見なので、単なる分派は普通異端とみなされない。たとえば、カトリック側からみてプロテスタント諸教会は「異端」と称される場合が多いが、ギリシア正教、ロシア正教などは信仰上の問題に関する差異が少ないので、異端よりも「シスマ」(離教)とよばれる習慣がある。

[J・スインゲドー]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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