Grafting

Japanese: 接木 - つぎき(英語表記)grafting
Grafting

A type of propagation technique used to propagate superior varieties or individuals of horticultural plants such as fruit trees, ornamental trees, and vegetables. Like cuttings and division, it is a form of vegetative propagation (asexual propagation). The method involves grafting a branch or bud, which is part of the vegetative body of a plant, onto another plant to cultivate a new individual. This method is also called "bride grafting" because it can speed up flowering and fruiting. The part that has roots and is grafted is called the rootstock, and the part that is grafted onto the rootstock is called the scion or scion.

It was practiced in China around 1000 BC, and there is a theory that the technique was introduced to Japan around the time of the introduction of Buddhism, but there is no clear evidence. Various grafting methods are described in "Somoku Rokubu Koushuuho" (1832) written by Sato Nobuhiro in the Edo period. It is also well known that in 1871, Gaston Bajille of France discovered a rootstock that was resistant to the phylloxera insect that parasitizes grape roots, and avoided it by grafting.

[Yasuo Hori]

Grafting Compatibility

Grafting makes use of the healing ability of plants. When the cambium layers of the scion and rootstock are brought into close contact, callus cells are formed, and some of the new cells differentiate further, connecting the cambium layers of the scion and rootstock, allowing nutrients and water to flow between them, and the new individual begins to heal and grow (this is called attachment). When the scion and rootstock are completely attached and grow, flower, and bear fruit smoothly, it is said that the graft is compatible. The degree of compatibility between the scion and rootstock varies depending on the combination, but it is generally said that the compatibility is better when they are of the same genus or closely related (when the scion and rootstock are the same species, they are called a common rootstock). However, there are also cases where compatibility is better between different species, and in some cases, Unshu mandarins are more compatible with the different species of trifoliate orange than with the same species of daidai.

[Yasuo Hori]

Purpose of grafting

Many horticultural plants are hybrids, so sowing seeds does not necessarily produce the same thing as the parent. Plants that flower and bear fruit slowly over many years, like trees, often do not offer a stable business. For this reason, grafting is used for fruit trees and other garden plants to replace old varieties with new ones, or when branches are needed for the trunk. Some vegetable varieties are susceptible to damage from continuous cropping and soil pests, so resistant plants are used as rootstocks to promote growth and stabilize production (tomatoes, cucumbers, watermelons, etc.).

The advantages of grafting include: (1) easy propagation of the same variety (individual); (2) promotion of flowering and fruiting, bringing forward the harvest season; (3) ease of updating varieties and replacing missing branches; (4) ability to restore tree vigor (in the case of root grafting); (5) ability to use rootstocks that are resistant to pests, disease, and wet or dry soil; and (6) ability to cultivate dwarf trees by using rootstocks appropriately.

The disadvantages are: (1) the rootstock must be cultivated separately; (2) the grafting process is complicated and requires skill; (3) a period of curing is necessary depending on the type; (4) it will not work well unless you know the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion, and that the rootstock is free of disease (viral diseases).

[Yasuo Hori]

Types of grafting

[1] Classification according to the part of the rootstock to be grafted. (1) Trunk (body) grafting, branch grafting. Usually, a scion with 1-3 buds is grafted onto a rootstock cut about 10 cm above ground. Depending on how the rootstock and scion are joined, they are classified as cut grafting, cleft grafting, etc. Grafting at a high position on the branch is called high grafting.

Also, the part of the new shoot that grew in spring is used as a rootstock, and the new shoot is grafted on to it in May or June. This is called green branch grafting. (2) Root grafting: Dig up the changed roots and graft the new tree onto them to enjoy the beauty of the curved trunk (mainly used for bonsai). Also, to restore the vigor of old trees or trees with aging roots, a thick, strong root from a thin root is used as a rootstock and the roots are grafted onto the main trunk. Both of these are often specialized (in the case of a peony seedling, a peony is grafted onto a peony root). (3) Seed grafting: A large seed that has taken root is used as a rootstock. For vegetables (mainly melons), the rootstock is used when the cotyledons are about to produce the true leaves. For trees, this is not common. (4) Call grafting: A method in which the scion is not separated from the mother plant, but part of the branch of both the scion and the rootstock (only on one side) is cut off and the cambium layers of that part are brought into close contact and fused. This is done for maples and other trees. (5) Bud grafting: A method in which a bud that will become a full scion, with a small amount of xylem attached to it, is scraped off and attached to a part of the rootstock where the bark has been partially peeled off (also called vertical bud grafting or slit bud grafting). [2] Classification by the location of grafting. (1) In-place grafting: The rootstock is grafted at the planting site without being dug up. This is mainly used for large numbers of fruit seedlings, large trees, and variety renewal. (2) Raised grafting: The rootstock is dug up once and then grafted into a state that makes it easier to graft. This is generally used for small seedlings and those that are managed in groups.

[Yasuo Hori]

Grafting time

Deciduous trees are primarily grafted in March or April, before the buds begin to sprout in the spring, while evergreen trees are grafted in May or June, after the buds begin to grow. However, some methods, such as bud grafting, are done after the buds have matured in August or September. Even evergreen trees can be grafted in February or March in areas equipped with greenhouses or other facilities.

[Yasuo Hori]

Grafting Method

(1) Rootstock: It should be fertilized and cultivated, have a firm cambium, and have many fine roots. Also, if the rootstock does not have a high affinity with the scion, it will not take root well. If the rootstock is infected with a viral disease, it will become infected even if a superior species is grafted onto it, so it is important that the rootstock is disease-free. (2) Scion: For deciduous trees that are grafted in the spring, for example, it is best to take the scion during dormancy in January or February and store it in the refrigerator or in the ground (apple, persimmon, peach). However, some trees, such as plum and wisteria, are easier to take if the scion is taken at the time of grafting, so it depends on the tree species. For many evergreen trees, it is better to take the scion just before grafting rather than storing it. (3) Grafting method: There are differences depending on the grafting method, but for the general cutting and cleft grafting, whether it is low grafting or high grafting, first cut the rootstock at the grafting position to prepare it for grafting. Next, the scion is prepared. For the scion, remove as much of the top and base as possible and take one with 2-4 buds around 5 cm apart, and plank it flat for 2-3 cm on one side until about a quarter of the xylem is exposed. Then cut the other side at an angle. While keeping the scion moist, cut the rootstock 2-3 cm apart, leaving the xylem attached. Insert the scion that was adjusted earlier into the cut, lining up the cambium, and secure it in place so that it does not move. Tie the scion with vinyl grafting tape, black tape, or duct tape, and seal the cut with grafting wax or paraffin to prevent moisture from escaping. Once the scion has taken root and the buds have grown, it is necessary to guide it so that it does not break. The tying tape will eat into the trunk as it swells, so remove it in autumn or the following spring.

Bud grafting is done in August and September when the growth stops and the plant is in the maturity stage. A T-shaped cut is made in the trunk or branch, a small amount of bark is peeled off, and a single bud is removed from the harvested scion, with a small amount of wood attached to make a shield shape, which is then inserted into the cut and tied. The scion has firm leaves, so the leaves are cut off leaving only the leaf stalk. Root grafting can be confirmed within 15 days. If the leaf stalk turns yellow and falls off, the plant has taken root. If it is withered and still attached, the plant has not taken root, so it is best to bud graft it in a different location. Vegetable grafting is used for watermelon (bottle gourd root), cucumber (pumpkin root), tomato (tomato root), and eggplant (Torvum vigor root), but since it is easy to graft with the rootstock, the rootstock is sown 2 to 3 days earlier, and when the two leaves are about to appear, the scion is cleft grafted with the two leaves still attached. The grafted tree can be held down with a small clip, but the success rate will be increased if it is kept in a hot and humid environment, especially surrounded by vinyl. In special cases, such as with melons, when the fruit does not bear in the desired location, the branch that bears fruit at the top can be grafted onto the desired branch. One thing to be particularly careful of when caring for grafted trees is that elongated branches may grow from the base or trunk and become clump-like. These branches are called scions, and if they are not removed early, the growth of the grafted tree will be weakened.

[Yasuo Hori]

Types and methods of grafting
©Shogakukan ">

Types and methods of grafting

Grafting time, method and rootstock
©Shogakukan ">

Grafting time, method and rootstock


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

果樹、植木(花木)、野菜などの園芸植物の優良品種または個体の増殖に用いる繁殖技法の一種。挿木(さしき)、株分けと同様、栄養繁殖(無性繁殖)にあたる。方法は、植物の栄養体の一部である枝や芽を、他の植物体に接ぎ合わせて新しい個体を育成するもので、この方法だと開花や結実を早くすることができることから、一名嫁接(よめつぎ)ともよばれる。根をもっていて接木されるほうを台木といい、台木に接木するほうを接穂(つぎほ)または穂木(ほぎ)という。

 紀元前1000年ころ中国で行われ、日本へは仏教伝来のころ、その技術が伝えられたという説もあるが、明確な根拠はない。江戸時代の佐藤信淵(のぶひろ)著『草木六部耕種法』(1832)に、いろいろな接木の方法が記載されている。また1871年、フランスのガストン・バジイユGaston Bajilleが、ブドウの根に寄生するフィロキセラ虫の抵抗性台木を発見し、接木により回避したことはよく知られている。

[堀 保男]

接木の親和性

接木は植物のもつ癒合能力を利用したものである。穂木と台木の形成層を密着させると、そこからカルス細胞ができ、新しい細胞の一部はさらに分化して穂木と台木の形成層が連絡し、両者の間に養水分の流動がおこり、新しい個体の癒合、生育が始まる(これを活着という)。穂木と台木が完全に活着し、成長、開花結実作用が順調に行われることを「接木に親和性がある」という。穂木と台木の親和性はその組合せによっていろいろな程度があるが、一般に同属か近縁のものほど親和性がよいといわれる(穂と台とが同一種である場合の台木を共台(ともだい)という)。しかし、異種間のほうが親和性がよい例もあり、温州(うんしゅう)ミカンは同種のダイダイより異種のカラタチのほうが親和性がよいこともある。

[堀 保男]

接木の目的

園芸植物の多くは雑種性であるため、種子を播(ま)いても親と同じものがつくれるとは限らない。樹木のように開花結実が遅く年月を要すると、経営的な安定が得られないことが多い。そこで、果樹や植木では、従来の品種から新しい品種に更新したり、幹の部分に枝が欲しいときに接木の方法を用いる。また野菜類のなかには連作障害や土壌病害虫に弱い品種があるため、抵抗性のあるものを台木として使用し、生育促進や生産の安定を図っている(トマト、キュウリ、スイカなど)。

 接木の利点としては、(1)同一品種(個体)の増殖が容易である、(2)開花結実が促進され収穫期が早まる、(3)品種の更新、欠除枝条の補充がしやすい、(4)樹勢の回復が可能である(根接の場合)、(5)病害虫、土壌の乾湿に強い台木の利用ができる、(6)台木の用い方により矮化(わいか)栽培が可能となる、などの点があげられよう。

 欠点は、(1)台木の別途育成を必要とする、(2)接木作業が複雑で熟練を必要とする、(3)種類によっては養生期間が必要である、(4)台木と穂木の親和性、病気(ウイルス病)のない台木であることなどを知らないとうまくいかない、などである。

[堀 保男]

接木の種類

〔1〕接木する台木の部位による分類。(1)幹(胴)接、枝接 普通、地上10センチメートル内外のところで切断した台木に、1~3芽くらいつけた穂木を接ぐ。台木と穂木のあわせ方によって、切り接、割り接などに分けられる。枝の高い位置で接ぐことを高接という。

 また、春に伸びた新梢(しんしょう)部分を台木として、その新梢に5~6月ごろに接木するものを緑枝接という。(2)根接 変化した根を掘り出し、その根に接木して曲幹美を楽しむ(主として盆栽に用いる)。また、老木や根の老化したものの樹勢の回復に、細根のしっかりした太根を台根として主幹に根を接ぐものである。いずれも特殊な場合が多い(ボタン苗の場合はシャクヤク根にボタンを接木する)。(3)実生(みしょう)接 大きな種子で発根したものを台木として用いる。野菜類(主としてウリ類)では子葉から本葉が出かかったころに台木として利用する。樹木の場合は一般的ではない。(4)呼び接(寄せ接) 穂木を母体の植物から切り離さないで、台木と穂木両方の枝の一部(片側だけ)を削り、その部分の形成層を密着させて癒合させる方法。モミジなどで行われている。(5)芽接 台木の樹皮を一部はがした部分に、充実した穂木となる一芽に少量の木部をつけたものを削り取って接着させる方法(楯(たて)芽接、そぎ芽接ともいう)。〔2〕接木する場所による区分。(1)居接 台木を掘り上げずに、植え付けた場で接木作業をする。主として多量の果樹苗木、大木、品種更新の場合に用いる。(2)揚げ接 台木を一度掘り上げ、接ぎやすい状態にしてから接木する。一般に小苗木、集団管理するものに多く用いる。

[堀 保男]

接木の時期

落葉樹は主として春の発芽前、芽が動き始めた3~4月に行い、常緑樹は芽が伸びだした5~6月に行う。しかし芽接のように8~9月に芽が充実してから行うものもある。なお、常緑樹でも温室などの施設が完備したところでは2~3月にかけて接木ができる。

[堀 保男]

接木の方法

(1)台木 肥培管理されたもので形成層がしっかりし、細根が多いものであること。また、穂木との親和性が高くないと活着が悪い。なお、台木がウイルス病などにかかっていると、優良種を接木しても感染するので、台木は無病であることがたいせつである。(2)穂木(接穂) 落葉樹のように春に接木するものは、1~2月の休眠中に採穂し、冷蔵庫または土中に貯蔵しておくとよい(リンゴ、カキ、モモ)。しかし、ウメ、フジなど接木時に採穂したほうが活着しやすいものもあり、樹種により異なる。常緑樹では貯蔵するよりも接木直前に採穂したほうがよいものが多い。(3)接木の方法 接木の仕方により差はあるが、一般的な切り接、割り接を例にとると、低接でも高接でも、まず台木を接ぐ位置で切断し、接木できる状態にする。ついで穂木の調整にかかる。穂木はできるだけ頂部と基部は除いて5センチメートル内外に2~4芽ついたものを、片側2~3センチメートルを木部が4分の1程度出るまで平らに削る。さらに反対側を角度をつけて切り返しておく。その穂を乾かさない状態に保ちながら台木を2~3センチメートル切り割る。そのとき木質部もつけておく。その切り割った中に、先に調整しておいた穂を形成層をあわせるようにして差し込み密着させ、動かないように固定する。接木用ビニルテープ、ブラックテープ、ガムテープで結束し、水分が逃げないように接ろう、パラフィンなどで切り口をふさぐ。活着して芽が伸びたら、折れないように誘引することも必要である。結束したテープ類は幹の肥大とともに食い込むので、秋または翌春に除去する。

 芽接の場合には、8~9月の生育が中断し成熟期に入ったころに行う。幹または枝にT字形に切り目を入れ、樹皮をすこしはいで、採取した穂木から一芽だけそぎ取り、木部をすこしつけて楯形にしたものを、切り口に差し込み結束する。芽接の穂は葉がしっかりしているので、葉柄の部分だけ残して葉は切り取ってやる。活着は15日内外で判明する。葉柄が黄変し脱落すれば活着し、枯れた状態で付着していれば未活着なので、もう一度異なった場所に芽接するとよい。野菜類の接木では、スイカ(ユウガオ台)、キュウリ(カボチャ台)、トマト(トマト共台)、ナス(トルバム・ビガー台)などで利用されているが、ウリ類では呼び接が容易なため、台木とするほうを2~3日早く播種(はしゅ)し、本葉が出かかった双葉のときに、穂木のほうも双葉をつけたまま割り接する。接いだものは小さなクリップで押さえておくだけでよいが、とくにビニルなどで囲って高温多湿の状態に保つことが活着率を高める。特殊な例としては、メロンのように、目的とする位置に結実しない場合、上部に結実した枝を目的の枝に接木することもある。接木育成した木の管理でとくに注意すべき点として、根元または幹から徒長枝が出て株状になることがある。この枝を台芽とよび、早期に除去しないと接木したほうの木の成長が衰える。

[堀 保男]

接木の種類と方法
©Shogakukan">

接木の種類と方法

接木の時期・方法・台木
©Shogakukan">

接木の時期・方法・台木


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