Swiss Reformer. Born January 1 in the Toggenburg region of eastern Switzerland. Studied at the universities of Vienna and Basel, and was baptized into the humanist movement. From 1506 he became a parish priest in Glarus, and from 1516 he became a pastoral priest in the pilgrimage site of Einsiedeln. During this time he had contact with Erasmus and other humanists, and occupied a central position in Swiss humanism. From 1519 he became a pastoral priest in Zurich, where he encountered Luther's ideas of reform and became a reformer after a near-death experience with the plague. He himself emphasized that he had started the reformation independently of Luther, and considered Erasmus' humanistic biblical principles to be the premise for the organizational development of the reformation. As a result of the Zurich public debate in 1523, the free preaching of the gospel was recognized, and the city authorities and reformers worked together to carry out reforms aimed at the moral regeneration of the community. The method of holding public debates and converging public opinion in the city to carry out the Reformation became a model for cities in Switzerland and southwest Germany. On the other hand, the Anabaptist movement, which considered reforms that were incomplete because they were in collusion with city authorities, also emerged from Zwingli's reform movement. His Reformation was initially isolated in Switzerland, but when Berne became reformed in 1528, Basel and other cities also joined the reformation, and the "United Christian Cities" was formed to counter Catholic forces. An alliance with German Protestants was then planned, and the Marburg Conference was held in 1529 to reconcile theological differences as a prerequisite for this. However, this attempt failed because Zwingli and Luther did not agree on the theory of the Eucharist. While Luther adopted the doctrine of the Presence, Zwingli interpreted the words of the Holy Communion metaphorically and understood the Supper symbolically as a remembrance of Christ's sacrifice. Based on his prophetic consciousness, he was aware that he was responsible not only for the salvation of people's souls, but also for political supervision and social stability, and acted accordingly. He made practical political proposals for the city of Zurich and the Swiss Confederation, and outlined foreign policies, but in 1531 he was defeated in battle by the Catholic camp and died in battle at Kappel. [Yasushi Morita] "Zwingli" by Akira Demura (1974, Publishing Bureau of the United Church of Christ in Japan) " "The Person and Theology of Zwingli" by F. Busser, translated by Yasukazu Morita (1980, Shinkyo Publishing) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スイスの宗教改革者。東スイスのトッゲンブルク地方に1月1日生まれる。ウィーン、バーゼル両大学に学び、人文主義運動の洗礼を受けた。1506年以降グラールスの教区司祭、1516年以降巡礼地アインジーデルンの司牧司祭となった。この間にエラスムスその他の人文主義者と交流を図り、スイス人文主義の中心の座にすわった。1519年以降チューリヒの司牧司祭となり、ルターの改革思想との出会い、ペストによる瀕死(ひんし)の重病体験を経て、宗教改革者になった。彼自身は、ルターから独立して改革を開始したことを強調し、エラスムス流の人文主義的聖書原理を改革の組織的発展の前提としていた。1523年のチューリヒ公開討論会の結果、福音(ふくいん)の自由説教が認められ、都市当局と改革者が協同して共同社会の道徳的再生を目ざす改革が実行された。公開討論会を開催し、都市内世論を収斂(しゅうれん)させた形で宗教改革を実施する方法は、スイス、西南ドイツ諸都市の模範となった。他方、都市当局と癒着した改革を不完全な改革とみなす再洗礼派運動も、ツウィングリ改革運動のなかから生まれることになった。彼の宗教改革は当初スイス内でも孤立していたが、1528年にベルンが改革化すると、バーゼルその他の都市も改革にくみし、カトリック勢力に対抗する「キリスト教都市同盟」が結ばれた。ついで、ドイツの新教派との同盟も企図され、その前提として神学上の不一致を調整するためにマールブルク会談が1529年に開催された。しかし、ルターとの間に聖餐(せいさん)論において一致をみず、この試みは失敗した。ルターが臨在説をとったのに対して、ツウィングリは聖体制定のことばを比喩(ひゆ)的に解釈し、晩餐をキリストの犠牲の思い出として象徴的に理解したからである。彼は、預言者的意識に基づいて人々の魂の救いだけではなく、政治の監視、社会の安寧にも責任あるものと意識し、行動した。都市チューリヒ、スイス誓約同盟のために実際的な政治的提案をし、外交政策を示したりしたが、1531年カトリック陣営との戦いに敗れ、カッペルで戦死した。 [森田安一] 『出村彰著『ツヴィングリ』(1974・日本基督教団出版局)』▽『F・ビュッサー著、森田安一訳『ツヴィングリの人と神学』(1980・新教出版社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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