Wage labor - Lohnarbeit (English spelling) German

Japanese: 賃労働 - ちんろうどう(英語表記)Lohnarbeit ドイツ語
Wage labor - Lohnarbeit (English spelling) German

Wage labor is a form of labor in which human labor power is sold as a commodity, and the buyer (capitalist) pays a wage in exchange for the labor power commodity, in exchange for which the seller (laborer) performs the labor. Wage labor is one of the basic concepts of Marx's economic theory. For wage labor to exist, there must be a "doubly free worker" who is able to sell his labor power of his own free will and who does not own the means of production (freedom from the means of production) and therefore cannot make a living other than by selling his labor power.

The formation of wage labor is a prerequisite for the establishment of capitalism, and is widespread under capitalism. In other words, capital cannot exist without wage labor, and conversely, wage labor cannot exist without capital. Capitalist society is a society in which the production and exchange of goods have developed to the extent that even human labor power has been commodified. In a class society, the ruling class owns the means of production, and the ruled class is forced to provide surplus labor for the ruling class in excess of the labor necessary to sustain themselves, but in capitalist wage labor, the surplus labor portion is hidden, and it appears as if all of the labor of the worker is paid as wages. In other words, wages appear as the price of "labor" rather than the price of "labor power," and as a result, the exploitative relationship is concealed. In Marx's theory, as capitalism develops, the subordination of labor to capital expands and deepens, but at the same time, the organization of the working class progresses as a reform agent that overcomes the capital-wage labor relationship.

[Goga Kazumichi]

[References] | Wages | Labor | Working class

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人間の労働力が商品として販売され、その購買者(資本家)が労働力商品の対価として賃金を支払うことと引き換えに、彼のもとで労働力の販売者(労働者)が行う労働の形態をいう。賃労働はマルクスの経済理論の基本的概念の一つである。賃労働が成立するためには、自己の自由意志に基づいて労働力を販売することができ、かつ生産手段を所有していないため(生産手段から自由)、労働力を販売する以外に生活することが不可能な「二重の意味で自由な労働者」が存在していなければならない。

 賃労働の形成は資本主義成立の前提条件であり、また資本主義のもとで広く一般化する。つまり、賃労働なしには資本はありえないし、逆に資本なしに賃労働は成立しえない。資本主義社会は、商品の生産と交換が全面的に発展し、人間の労働力までも商品化されるようになった社会である。階級社会においては支配階級が生産手段を所有し、被支配階級は自分自身を維持するための必要労働を超えて支配階級のために剰余労働を提供することを強制されているが、資本主義の賃労働においては、剰余労働部分は隠蔽(いんぺい)され、労働者の労働すべてが賃金として支払われているかのごとく現れる。つまり賃金は「労働力」の価格ではなく「労働」の価格として現象する結果、搾取関係が覆い隠されてしまう。マルクスの理論では、資本主義が発展するにつれ資本のもとへの労働の従属は拡大・深化するが、同時に資本・賃労働関係を克服する変革主体として労働者階級の組織化が進むと考えた。

[伍賀一道]

[参照項目] | 賃金 | 労働 | 労働者階級

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