The rectum is the part of the large intestine that follows the sigmoid colon and is the lowest part of the intestinal tract. It begins at the third sacral vertebra, descends in front of it, and opens to the outside through the anus. The rectum is about 20 centimeters long and curves slightly in an sigmoid shape from front to back. However, in children, it descends more directly than in adults. There is a small mesorectum at the top of the rectum. In front of the rectum, in men, there is the bladder, seminal vesicles, and prostate, and in women, there is the bladder, uterus, and vagina. The rectouterine pouch is also called the Douglas pouch and is at the bottom of the peritoneal cavity. Peritonitis and other conditions often cause Douglas pouch abscesses. The rectum is an important part of clinical practice because the organs in front of the rectum can be palpated from within the rectum. The lower part of the rectum, i.e., the part just above the anus, is called the anorectal region (anal canal), and above this is the rectal ampulla. When contents accumulate in this region, it expands into a spindle shape. However, fecal matter only remains in the rectum just before defecation. The external anal sphincter runs in a ring shape in the anal region, tightening the anus. There is connective tissue between the rectum and the sacrum behind it, and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the sacral nerve plexus are distributed there. If a rectal tumor occurs, this nerve plexus will also be affected. [Kazuyo Shimai] [Reference] |©Shogakukan "> Location of the large intestine Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大腸のうち、S状結腸に続く部分で、腸管では最下部となる。第3仙椎(せんつい)から始まり、その前面を下り、肛門(こうもん)によって外部に開いている。直腸は約20センチメートルの長さで、前後方向に多少S状彎曲(わんきょく)している。しかし、小児の場合では、成人に比べてまっすぐに下行する。直腸の上部には、わずかに直腸間膜がある。直腸前方には、男性では膀胱(ぼうこう)、精嚢(せいのう)、前立腺(せん)があり、女性では膀胱、子宮、腟(ちつ)がある。直腸子宮窩(か)はダグラス窩ともよび、腹膜腔(くう)の最底部にあたる。腹膜炎などで、よくダグラス窩膿瘍(のうよう)をおこすことがある。直腸前方の諸器官は、直腸内から触診できるため、直腸は臨床上重要な部分である。直腸の下部、すなわち肛門のすぐ上の部分を直腸肛門部(肛門管)とよぶが、この上には直腸膨大部がある。この部分に内容物がたまると、紡錘状に拡張する。しかし、直腸に便塊がとどまるのは排便の直前だけである。肛門部には外肛門括約筋が輪状に走り、肛門を締めている。直腸とその後ろの仙骨との間には結合組織があり、血管、リンパ管および仙骨神経叢(そう)が分布している。直腸腫瘍(しゅよう)などにかかると、この神経叢も侵されることとなる。 [嶋井和世] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 大腸の部位 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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