Chart - chert (English spelling)

Japanese: チャート - ちゃーと(英語表記)chert
Chart - chert (English spelling)

A type of siliceous sedimentary rock, it is a fine-grained, dense, hard rock composed almost entirely of biogenic silica SiO 2 (silicon dioxide). It is usually milky white, and depending on the impurities it contains, it can come in a variety of colors, including gray, black, blue, green, brown, and red, but is generally transparent. It is hard and often shows a shell-like fracture when broken. It is made up of an aggregate of chalcedony or fine-grained, equigranular quartz, and contains small amounts of fine-grained sericite, chlorite, and hematite. It is divided into bedded chert and nodular chert based on its mode of occurrence, but while bedded chert is widely distributed as large strata, nodular chert only occurs as small nodules in limestone and other rocks, and bedded chert is more important geologically. Bedded chert is a stratum consisting of a few centimeters thick siliceous layer, repeatedly stacked with a few millimeters thick muddy layer between them, and appears as stripes in outcrops. Bedded chert was once thought to have been formed by inorganic chemical precipitation from seawater, but it is actually the accumulation of remains of radiolarians, siliceous sponges, or diatoms, which have siliceous skeletons and shells, and can be considered a type of biological rock. It is thought to have formed on the ocean floor far from land, since it does not contain any coarse-grained clastics such as gravel or sand. In Japan, it is often found in geological bodies called accretionary complexes from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras from Hokkaido to Okinawa, and since it forms an allochthonous land mass surrounded by clastic rocks, it is interpreted that it was added from the sea side as the oceanic plate subducted. The most well-developed areas are the northern Kitakami Mountains, the Ashio Mountains, the Kanto Mountains, the Mino and Tamba regions. When chert recrystallizes into a fairly pure aggregate of quartz, it is used as silica stone, a raw material for making firebricks.

[Saito Yasuji]

"Shinjiro Mizutani, Yasuji Saito, and Kirei Kanmei, Sedimentary Rocks of Japan (1987, Iwanami Shoten) " "Kirei Kanmei, Shinjiro Mizutani, and Kiyotaka Chinzei (eds.), Iwanami Lectures on Earth Sciences 5: Materials and the Environment of the Earth's Surface (1987, Iwanami Shoten)"

[References] | Chemical sedimentary rocks | Sericite | Quartz | Diatoms | Clastic rocks | Biological rocks | Quartz | Hematite | Silicon dioxide | Accretionary complexes| Radiolians | Chlorite

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

珪(けい)質の堆積(たいせき)岩の一種で、ほとんど生物源のシリカSiO2(二酸化ケイ素)からなる細粒・緻密(ちみつ)な硬い岩石。普通乳白色で、含まれる不純物により、灰、黒、青、緑、茶、赤などいろいろな色調のものがあるが、一般に透明感がある。硬くて割ると貝殻状断口を示すことが多い。玉髄(ぎょくずい)(カルセドニー)質あるいは細粒で等粒状の石英の集合からなり、微粒の絹雲母(きぬうんも)、緑泥石、赤鉄鉱などをわずかに含んでいる。産状から層状チャートと団塊状チャートに分けられるが、層状チャートが大規模な地層として広く分布するのに対し、団塊状チャートは石灰岩などの中に小塊として産出するのみで、地質学的には層状チャートが重要である。層状チャートは、厚さ数センチメートルの珪質の単層が数ミリメートルの泥質の薄層を挟んで規則的に繰り返して積み重なった地層で、露頭では縞(しま)状にみえる。層状チャートは、かつては海水から無機化学的に沈殿して形成されたと考えられていたが、ほとんどすべてのものが珪質の骨格や殻をもつ放散虫や珪質海綿あるいは珪藻の遺骸(いがい)が集積してできたもので、一種の生物岩ということができる。礫(れき)や砂のような粗粒砕屑(さいせつ)物をまったく含まないことから、陸域から遠く離れた海洋底で形成されたと考えられている。日本では、北海道から沖縄まで、古生代後期や中生代の付加体とよばれる地質体の中によくみられ、ほとんどが砕屑岩に取り囲まれた異地性の地塊をなしていることから、海洋プレートの沈み込みに伴って海側から付け加えられたものと解釈されている。代表的に発達している地域として、北部北上山地、足尾山地、関東山地、美濃(みの)、丹波(たんば)地方があげられる。チャートが再結晶してかなり純粋な石英の集合体になったものは、珪石として耐火れんがの原料として利用される。

[斎藤靖二]

『水谷伸治郎・斎藤靖二・勘米良亀齢著『日本の堆積岩』(1987・岩波書店)』『勘米良亀齢・水谷伸治郎・鎮西清高編『岩波講座地球科学5 地球表層の物質と環境』(1987・岩波書店)』

[参照項目] | 化学的堆積岩 | 絹雲母 | 珪石 | 珪藻類 | 砕屑岩 | 生物岩 | 石英 | 赤鉄鉱 | 二酸化ケイ素 | 付加体 | 放散虫 | 緑泥石

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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