Magnetic moment

Japanese: 磁気モーメント - じきもーめんと
Magnetic moment

It is also called the magnetic moment. Magnets create a magnetic field around them, but the direction and strength of the magnetic field created at a distant point by a bar magnet with length L and magnetic pole strengths m and -m at both ends is determined only by the axial direction of the bar and the product μ = mL of m and L. Thus μ is called the magnetic moment. A magnetic field is created around an electric current, but the magnetic field created at a distant point by a circular electric current is equivalent to the magnetic field created when a magnet is placed at the center of the circle perpendicular to its surface. Therefore, a ring current can also be said to have a magnetic moment, and its magnitude is equal to the product of the current strength I and the area S of the ring, or IS (a coefficient may be applied depending on the units used).

If magnets themselves are caused by tiny invisible circular currents, then the magnetic moment of the circular current is considered to be more fundamental than the original definition of magnetic moment. If there are many carriers of microscopic magnetic moment within a magnet, the magnetic moment of the magnet is the vector sum of them. The magnetic moment per unit volume of a material is nothing other than the strength of magnetization of that material.

If electrons move in a closed orbit, they become a circular current and have a magnetic moment, but in addition, the electrons themselves have their own intrinsic magnetic moment due to their rotation. The basis of the magnetism of matter should be explained by these magnetic moments.

[Shohei Miyahara and Hirohiko Sato]

"Magnetism and Magnetic Properties 1" by Masashi Mizoguchi (1995, Baifukan) "Introduction to Electronic Properties" by Tomohiro Hamaguchi (1999, Maruzen)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

磁気能率ともいう。磁石は周りに磁場をつくるが、長さがLでその両端の磁極の強さがmと-mとであるような棒磁石が遠くの点につくる磁場の方向と強さは、棒の軸方向およびmLとの積μ=mLとだけによって決まる。それでμを磁気モーメントという。電流の周りには磁場ができるが、円形の電流によって遠くの点につくられる磁場は、その円の中心にその面と垂直にある磁石を置いたときの磁場と同等である。したがって、環状電流も磁気モーメントをもつということができ、その大きさは電流の強さIと環の面積Sとの積すなわちISに等しい(単位のとり方によっては係数がかかる)。

 磁石そのものも、それが、目に見えない小さな環状電流によるものであるとすれば、初めの磁気モーメントの定義にかわって、環状電流の磁気モーメントのほうが基本であると考えられる。磁石の中にミクロな磁気モーメントの担い手が多数あるとすれば、磁石の磁気モーメントはそれらのベクトル的な総和である。物質の単位体積当りの磁気モーメントはその物質の磁化の強さにほかならない。

 電子が閉じた軌道を回っていれば、それは環状電流であり、磁気モーメントをもつことになるが、そのほかに、電子自身が自転運動を行うことにより固有の磁気モーメントをもっている。物質の磁性の根元はこれらの磁気モーメントによって説明されるべきものである。

[宮原将平・佐藤博彦]

『溝口正著『磁気と磁性 1』(1995・培風館)』『浜口智尋著『電子物性入門』(1999・丸善)』

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