In Sanskrit, it has various meanings, but generally means "ethical norms" or "rules," as it is mostly translated into Chinese as "law." Laws are dharma, and religious duties are also dharma. It can also mean "virtue," "duty," or "righteousness" by including the value of goodness, and is one of the four great things in life in ancient India (law, material benefits, passion, and liberation). Morphologically, it is considered to be a derivative of the root dhṛ (to preserve), and the etymological meaning is thought to be "something that preserves." Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, rejected the authority of the Vedic scriptures and believed that there is a universal dharma that should be followed by all people, at all times, and in all places. Shakyamuni rejected all metaphysical dogmatism, stopped inferring from established values, and turned to reality itself, clarifying the way humans should live from within reality, and called this dharma. In this way, dharma is both a "teaching" and a "truth" as an eternal law that humans should follow. As is known from the existence of King Ashoka, who made the realization of Dharma his political ideal, Dharma, which is a religious obligation, is at the same time a supra-legal law of human morality, which is an interesting Indian political concept. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
サンスクリット語では,多様な意味をもつ語であるが,漢語にはほとんど「法」と訳されているように,一般的には「倫理的規範」「きまり」を意味する。法律もダルマであり,宗教的義務もダルマである。また善の価値観を入れて「美徳」「義務」「正義」の意味にもなり,古来インドにおける人生の四大事 (法,実利,愛欲,解脱) の一つでもある。語形的には語根 dhṛ (保つ) の派生語とされ,「保つもの」というのが語源的意味と考えられる。ジャイナ教教祖マハービーラは,ベーダ聖典の権威を否定し,あらゆる人間,あらゆるとき,あらゆるところにおいても遵奉すべき普遍的なダルマがあると考えた。釈尊は一切の形而上学的独断を排し,既成の価値観から推論することをやめ,現実そのものに向い,現実のなかから人間の生きるべき道を明らかにして,これをダルマと呼んだ。このようにダルマは「教説」でもあり,人間の守るべき永遠の理法としての「真理」でもある。ダルマの実現を政治理想としたアショーカ王の存在からも知られるように,宗教的義務であるダルマは,同時に超法律的な人倫の法でもあるのは,インド的な政治観念として興味深い。
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