Tarantulas are a special type of spider that belongs to the Arthropoda phylum, Arachnida class, and Araneae order, but in Europe and America, completely different species are called tarantulas. (1) The tarantula in Europe is the wolf spider Lycosa tarentula , a member of the Wolf Spider family. Although this spider's venom is weak and its bite does not have any serious effects, it is considered a poisonous spider due to legends, such as the fact that its bite causes dancing, or that if you have a fever, dancing wildly will cure your illness. There are various legends about how it became famous as a poisonous spider, but one of them is that it originated from the hysterical disease (tarantism) that occurred in southern Europe in the 15th to 17th centuries, when patients believed they had been bitten by this large spider. The word tarantula is derived from the Italian city of Taranto, and the scientific name of the species also comes from this. It is also said that the Italian folk dance tarantella developed from a dance performed by patients. (2) In America and Africa, the term tarantula is a general term for subterranean or wandering spiders of the families Trapdoor, Funnel Spider, and Ploceidae, and often refers specifically to the larval spiders. This spider family includes the world's largest species, the Leblond spider Theraphosa leblondi , which lives in Brazil in South America and can reach a body length of 10 centimeters. In Central America, the beautifully colored larval spider lives. Both species are weakly venomous, but because they are large, their fangs are also large, and their bites are relatively painful. The larval spider also has a weakly venomous body hair. In addition to the above, there is the genus Tarantula , which belongs to the Arachnida order Amalgamida family (Tarantula family), and is distributed in Africa, India, and North and South America. [Takeo Yaginuma] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
節足動物門クモ形綱真正クモ目に属する特殊なクモをさすが、ヨーロッパとアメリカでは、まったく異なる種類をタランチュラとよんでいる。 (1)ヨーロッパでいうタランチュラは、コモリグモ科のタランテラコモリグモLycosa tarentulaである。このクモは、毒が弱く、かまれてもたいした影響がないにもかかわらず伝説が絡んで毒グモとされ、これにかまれると舞踏病をおこすとか、発熱しても踊り狂うと病気が治るとかいわれてきた。毒グモとして有名になったのは、いろいろな伝説があるが、その一つとして、15~17世紀の南ヨーロッパでおこったヒステリー症(タランティズム)患者が、大形のこのクモにかまれたと思い込んだことに起因するというのがある。タランチュラの語源は、イタリアの都市タラントにちなみ、学名の種名もそれに発している。また、イタリアの民俗舞曲タランテラも患者の踊りが発展したものであるといわれている。 (2)アメリカやアフリカでいうタランチュラは、トタテグモ科、ジョウゴグモ科、オオツチグモ科の、地中性または徘徊(はいかい)性のクモの総称で、とくにオオツチグモ類をさすことが多い。このクモ類には世界最大種が含まれており、南アメリカのブラジルに生息するルブロンオオツチグモTheraphosa leblondiがそれで、体長10センチメートルに達する。中央アメリカには、美しい色彩のニシキオオツチグモが生息する。両種とも毒性は弱いが、大形なので牙(きば)も大きく、かまれたときの痛みは比較的大きい。また、ニシキオオツチグモには体毛に弱毒がある。 以上のほか、クモ形綱無鞭(むべん)目ウデムシ科(タランチュラ科)の動物に、タランチュラ属Tarantulaがあり、アフリカ、インド、北・南アメリカ大陸に分布している。 [八木沼健夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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