The process of removing grains from stalks, branches, and ears that have been cut or pulled out. Generally, when grains and beans are fully ripe, they are harvested with a sickle or other tool, dried, and then threshed. This has been the method used since ancient times. Primitive methods included stomping on the grains with one's foot or hitting them with a stick, but over time, livestock were used to stomp on them and threshing tools were used. For rice, for a while after rice cultivation began in Japan in the Yayoi period, only the ears were harvested and stored, and when it was time to eat them, they were pounded with a mortar and pestle to thresh, and the husks were removed at the same time and polished. This method can still be seen in Southeast Asia today. In Japan, from the Heian period, the method changed to harvesting the rice from the base, drying it, threshing it, and storing it. The tool used was a thresher. In the Edo period, a thresher with a thousand teeth came into use. In the Meiji period, the foot-operated rotary thresher was invented. At the end of the Taisho period, this progressed to a powered rotary thresher using a petroleum engine, which also had a winnower under the threshing body, and the threshed rice was then winnowed and prepared. Today, there are even more automatic feed rotary threshers, which can thresh around one ton per hour. Harvesting using combines has also become more common, but these simultaneously cut and thresh the crop using a rotary thresher, which is more efficient than traditional methods. Wheat threshing has developed in a similar way to rice threshing, and today combine harvesters are the main method. Corn combine harvesters combine ears and threshers, and are equipped with special devices to remove ears from the upright stalks, peel off the bracts, and remove the kernels from the cores of the ears. Old-fashioned methods for threshing beans and rapeseed used mallets, bricks, and threshing tables, but now rotary threshers and special combine harvesters are used. [Hoshikawa Kiyochika] [Reference] | | | | |"Agricultural Encyclopedia" Volume 1 "Agricultural Map " National Diet Library Threshing with chopsticks The ears of rice are placed on a comb-like set of teeth fixed to a wooden stand, and the grains are threshed out (see below). The top image shows a large kokihashi, which consists of two bamboo poles tied together at one end with a rope. One person holds the poles while the other holds the ears of rice between the bamboo poles and threshes them. Seikei Zusetsu, Volume 5, Published during the Bunka era (1804-1818), held by the National Diet Library . Threshing with a thousand teeth Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
刈り取ったり抜き取ったりした茎、枝、穂から穀物の子実をとること。一般に穀物や豆類は子実が完熟すると鎌(かま)などで刈り取り、これを乾燥させてから脱穀する方法が昔から行われてきた。原始的な方法は足で踏んだり棒でたたいたりしたが、やがて家畜に踏ませたり脱穀のための道具を使うようになった。 イネについてみると、日本で稲作が始まった弥生(やよい)時代からしばらくの間は穂だけを刈り取って貯蔵しておき、食べるときに臼(うす)と杵(きね)で搗(つ)いて脱穀し、同時にもみ殻も除き精白まで行った。この方法はいまでも東南アジアではみることができる。日本では平安時代から、株元から刈り取って乾かし、それから脱穀して貯蔵する方法にかわった。用具としては扱箸(こきはし)が用いられた。江戸時代になると千歯扱(せんばこき)が使われるようになった。明治時代に入って足踏み式回転脱穀機が発明された。大正時代末期には石油発動機を用いて動力回転脱穀機へと進歩し、これは扱き胴の下に唐箕(とうみ)もついて、脱穀されたもみは続いて風選され、調製まで行われた。現在ではさらに自動送込み式回転脱穀機となり、毎時1トン前後の脱穀ができるようになった。またコンバインによる収穫も増えてきたが、これは刈り取りと同時に回転脱穀機で脱穀するもので、従来の方式よりさらに能率が高い。 ムギ類の脱穀もイネと似た歴史をたどって発達し、現在ではコンバインが主体である。トウモロコシ用のコンバインは穂の収穫機と脱粒機を兼備したもので、立毛状態の茎から穂を取り外し、苞(ほう)を剥(は)いで、粒を穂の芯(しん)から外す特殊な装置がくふうされている。豆類、ナタネなども旧式な方法では木槌(きづち)や連枷(れんが)や扱き台などが用いられたが、いまは回転脱穀機や専用のコンバインが用いられるようになった。 [星川清親] [参照項目] | | | | |『農業全書』 1巻 「農事図」国立国会図書館所蔵"> 扱箸による脱穀 木の台に固定された櫛状の歯に穂をかけ、穀粒を扱き落とす(図下)。図上は大扱箸{こきはし]で、2本の竹の片端を縄でくくったもの。一人がそれを持ち、もう一人が稲穂を竹の間に挟んでしごく。『成形図説』 巻5 文化年間(1804~1818)刊国立国会図書館所蔵"> 千歯扱による脱穀 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
A city in south-central Chile. It is located about...
A wintergreen fern of the family Scutellariae, als...
... After the death of the Mahdi in 1885, the cal...
Earth science is a multidisciplinary science that...
...Gold and silver, especially washed rice, were ...
Synovial fluid is a fluid that is contained within...
Chinese novelist. His real name was Liu Yunhua. H...
French playwright and actor. His real name was Je...
…[Kazumi Tsuchiya]. . … *Some of the terminology ...
…In insects, the life span varies depending on wh...
The name refers to ten men who were retainers of ...
[noun] A picture depicting warriors or scenes of b...
… [Assimilation through seeing] But how does assi...
...Compression tests are also used to test finish...
A town in Shari District, eastern Hokkaido. Facing...