Great Leap Forward - Daiyakushin

Japanese: 大躍進 - だいやくしん
Great Leap Forward - Daiyakushin

China's attempt at radical socialist construction based on "Mao Zedong Thought." It is also known for the "Three Red Flags" slogan that was raised in late 1958 to simultaneously achieve three goals in domestic construction: the general line of socialist construction, the Great Leap Forward, and people's communes.

This policy was promoted by quoting the proverb "When everyone adds fuel to the fire, the flames rise higher," and as can be seen from the national goal of "catching up with and surpassing Britain in 15 years," even in China, which was economically behind, the idea was that if a human wave approach was adopted with a large input of labor (human capital), productivity would develop rapidly and production would increase dramatically. Thus, the "general line of socialist construction" of "high enthusiasm, always aiming high, and building socialism more, faster, and more economically" was put forward as the spiritual principle, and the people's communes that appeared in the summer of 1958 were organized as the implementation units of the Great Leap Forward policy in rural areas. This policy was developed as an enthusiastic mass movement, and production targets were raised one after another in a short period of time. However, as a result of the policy ignoring the objective limits of agricultural productivity, Chinese rural areas reached the extreme of devastation.

The distortion of the Great Leap Forward policy led to criticism of Mao Zedong by Peng Dehuai and others at the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Lushan Conference) in August 1959, and Mao himself was forced to resign as Chairman of the State and withdraw from the political front line for a while, taking responsibility for the failure of the policy. This was also the foreshadowing of Mao's subsequent recapture of power through the Cultural Revolution.

[Mineo Nakajima]

"Modern China Theory: An Inner Study of Ideology and Politics" by Mineo Nakajima, Revised Edition (1971, Aoki Shoten)

[Reference] | People's Commune

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「毛沢東(もうたくとう)思想」に基づく中国の急進的な社会主義建設の試み。1958年後半の中国が社会主義建設の総路線、大躍進、人民公社という国内建設の三つの目標を同時に遂行しようとして掲げた「三面紅旗」のスローガンによっても知られている。

 この政策は、「衆人こぞって薪(たきぎ)をくべれば炎も高し」という諺(ことわざ)を引いて推進されたとおり、そして当時「15年でイギリスに追い付き追い越せ」という国家目標が提示されたことにもみられるように、経済的に立ち後れている中国であっても、労働力(人間資本)の大量投入による人海戦術的な方式をとれば、生産力は急速に発展し、生産は飛躍的に増大する、というものであった。こうして「大いに意気込み、つねに高い目標を目ざし、より多く、より早く、より経済的に社会主義を建設する」という「社会主義建設の総路線」が精神的原則として提起され、1958年夏に出現した人民公社が農村における大躍進政策の実行単位として組織化された。この政策は熱狂的な大衆運動として展開され、短期間のうちに次々と生産目標が高められた。しかし農業生産力の客観的な限界を無視した政策の結果、中国農村は荒廃の極に達してしまった。

 大躍進政策のひずみは、1959年8月の中国共産党八期八中全会(廬山(ろざん)会議)での彭徳懐(ほうとくかい)らによる毛沢東批判を招来し、毛自身もこの政策失敗の責任上、国家主席を辞任して政治の第一線から暫時引き下がらざるをえなくなった。後の文化大革命による毛の権力奪回への伏線もここにあったのである。

[中嶋嶺雄]

『中嶋嶺雄著『現代中国論――イデオロギーと政治の内的考察』増補版(1971・青木書店)』

[参照項目] | 人民公社

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