The French Empire lasted for about 20 years from the end of 1852, when Louis Napoleon, president of the Second Republic, revised the constitution in a coup d'état at the end of 1851 and ascended to the throne as Emperor Napoleon III, until the defeat of France in the French-Prussian War of 1870. It is also written as the Second Empire. [Kenji Kono] FeaturesThe Second Empire succeeded the First Empire founded by Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I), and was part of the so-called "Bonapartism." It can be roughly divided into two parts, with the first being called the "Authoritative Empire" and the latter the "Liberal Empire." In the first period, France clamped down on freedom of speech and assembly, prioritized government policies, and intervened in the Crimean War and the War of Italian Independence, while in the second period, France concluded the Anglo-French Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1860) based on the principle of free trade, approved worker strikes, and placed importance on holding the World's Fair and the opening of the Suez Canal. [Kenji Kono] Industrialization and urbanizationDuring the 20 years or so of the Second Empire, after the basic conditions of the economy were met through railway construction, urban redevelopment projects, and the development of financial institutions, there was rapid growth in private industry on the one hand, and military intervention and invasion of neighboring countries and distant regions on the other. It was during this period that France made a new start as a modern, powerful nation based on capitalism. In 1846, the total length of railway construction was only 1,049 km, but ten years later, in 1856, it had increased to 5,852 km, forming a radial trunk network centered on Paris. Furthermore, by 1869, at the end of the Empire period, it had increased to 16,465 km, almost the same as it is today. Urban reconstruction of Paris was carried out by Haussmann, the prefect of the Seine and a Saint-Simonian technocrat, and huge streets, squares, public markets, shopping streets, and other structures were constructed. It was also during this period that the Louvre Palace was built. All of these construction projects required huge amounts of money, but Credit Mobilier (a movable property bank) established in 1852 by the Péreire brothers with the support of the government, and Credit Foncier (a real estate bank) also established with government subsidies, supported the construction in competition with the powerful private bank, the Rothschild Bank. Reflecting the booming industrial sector, stocks and bonds became popular, many citizens became investors, and public funds helped countries and businesses grow. The development of industry and commerce encouraged the concentration of population in cities and stimulated consumer life. Department stores and theaters were built, and a glamorous urban culture blossomed. On the other hand, behind industrialization and urbanization was the hard labor of a large number of industrial proletarians. During this period, alongside the large groups of traditional craft workers, workers were gathered in large factories built in the suburbs of large cities and in regional cities, and large groups of day laborers and semi-unemployed homeless people appeared in the surrounding areas. Among them, artisanal workers living in cities had the highest standard of living and were the most active, developing mutual aid systems and labor unions. In contrast, many of the workers in large-scale industries were unskilled, and children and women were often employed. Workers were forced to carry labor handbooks and were under strict supervision by on-site supervisors. The conditions of day laborers were even more miserable. [Kenji Kono] DiplomacyNapoleon III's foreign policy was centered on expanding into underdeveloped regions while cooperating with Britain. Examples of this include defeating Russia in the Crimean War and intervening in Italy to fight the Austrian army. Coordination with Britain is best illustrated by the Anglo-French Treaty of Amity and Commerce concluded in 1860, which was based on the principle of free trade. French industrialists were not very supportive of this treaty, but the treaty, which aimed to mutually liberate domestic markets, ultimately raised the level of French industry and contributed to its prosperity. [Kenji Kono] The collapse of the Liberal EmpireNapoleon III, who leaned more towards liberalism, strengthened the power of the National Assembly, relaxed censorship of newspapers, and in 1851, he sent 80 workers' representatives to the Great Exhibition in London, raising workers' awareness and opening their eyes to international solidarity. In 1864, he recognized workers' strikes and made them non-punitive. However, this free empire was incompatible with his expeditions to China, Vietnam, and Mexico, and after the failure of the Mexican expedition, the emperor was provoked by neighboring Prussia and became involved in the Prussian-French war, and was captured as a result of the defeat, and the Second Empire collapsed. This happened on September 2, 1870. [Kenji Kono] "The Establishment of French Bourgeois Society" edited by Kenji Kono (1977, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Contemporary History of France" by Kenji Kono (1977, Yamakawa Publishing) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
第二共和政下の大統領ルイ・ナポレオンが、1851年末のクーデターによって憲法を改め、ナポレオン3世として帝位についた1852年末から、1870年のプロイセン・フランス戦争で敗北するまでの、約20年間のフランスの帝政。第二帝制とも書く。 [河野健二] 特徴第二帝政は、ナポレオン・ボナパルト(ナポレオン1世)の始めた第一帝政を継承するもので、いわゆる「ボナパルティスム」の一環をなすものである。それは、大きくいって1860年を境に二つに区分され、前者は「権威帝政」、後者は「自由帝政」とよばれる。言論や集会を取り締まり、政府の施策を優先させ、クリミア戦争やイタリア統一戦争に介入したのが前期であり、自由貿易を原則とする英仏通商条約を結び(1860)、労働者のストライキを承認し、万国博覧会の開催やスエズ運河の開通を重視したのが後期である。 [河野健二] 産業化と都市化第二帝政の約20年間は、鉄道建設、都市改造事業、金融機関の整備など経済の基礎的な条件を満たしたのち、一方では民間産業の急速な成長、他方では近隣諸国や遠隔地域への軍事的介入や侵略がみられた。フランスが資本主義を土台とする近代的強国として再出発したのが、この時期であった。 鉄道建設は1846年には全長1049キロメートルにすぎなかったが、10年後の1856年には5852キロメートルになり、パリを中心とする放射線状の幹線網ができあがった。さらに、帝政期末の1869年には1万6465キロメートルとなり、ほぼ現状に近いものとなった。パリの都市改造は、セーヌ県知事でサン・シモン派の技術官僚オスマンによって実行に移され、巨大な街路や広場、公設市場、商店街などが建設された。ルーブル宮殿が整備されたのも、この時期であった。これらの建設事業は、いずれも巨額の資金を必要としたが、政府の援助のもとにペレールPéreire兄弟が1852年に設立したクレディ・モビリエ(動産銀行)や、同じく政府の補助金を得てつくられたクレディ・フォンシエ(不動産銀行)が、有力個人銀行であるロートシルト(ロスチャイルド)銀行などと競争しながら、建設を援助した。産業界の好況を反映して、株式や債券が人気をよび、多数の市民が投資家になり、大衆の資金が国家や企業の成長を助けた。 産業や商業の発達は、都市への人口集中を促し、消費生活を刺激した。百貨店や劇場がつくられ、華やかな都市文明が開花した。他方、産業化と都市化の裏側には、大量の工業プロレタリアによる苦しい労働があった。この時期には、古くからの手工業労働者の大群と並んで、大都市の近郊や地方都市につくられた大工場に労働者が集められ、さらにその周辺には日雇労働者や半失業の浮浪者の大群が現れた。彼らのうち、都市に住む職人的労働者がもっとも生活水準も高く、行動力もあり、共済制度や労働組合を育てあげた。これに反して、大工業の労働者の多くは未熟練労働者であり、児童や婦人が雇われることも多かった。労働者は労働手帳をもつことを強制され、現場監督の厳しい監視のもとに置かれた。日雇労働者の置かれた環境はもっと惨めなものであった。 [河野健二] 外交ナポレオン3世の外交政策は、イギリスとの協調を図りながら、もっぱら後進地域への進出を図るものであった。クリミア戦争でロシアを破り、イタリアに介入してオーストリア軍と戦ったのは、その例である。イギリスとの協調は、1860年に結ばれた自由貿易主義に立脚する英仏通商条約にもっともよく示される。フランスの産業家はこの条約にあまり賛成ではなかったが、国内市場の相互解放をねらったこの条約は、結果としてフランス産業の水準を高め、繁栄に貢献した。 [河野健二] 自由帝政の崩壊自由主義への傾斜を強めたナポレオン3世は、国会の権限を強化し、新聞に対する検閲を緩和し、1851年にはロンドンの万国博覧会に80人の労働者の代表を派遣し、労働者の自覚を高め、国際的連帯に目を開かせた。1864年には労働者のストライキを認め、処罰の対象としないこととした。しかしこの自由帝政は、中国やベトナム、さらにメキシコへの遠征とは両立することができず、メキシコ遠征失敗後の皇帝は、隣国プロイセンの挑発にのってプロイセン・フランス戦争にのめり込み、敗戦の結果捕虜となって、第二帝政は崩壊した。1870年9月2日のことである。 [河野健二] 『河野健二編『フランス・ブルジョア社会の成立』(1977・岩波書店)』▽『河野健二著『フランス現代史』(1977・山川出版社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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