Total - Souyu

A form in which many people jointly own the same thing. In common ownership, the authority to manage and dispose of the thing belongs to the group itself, and each member of the group only has the authority to use and profit from the thing. This is the most collectivist form of joint ownership, and compared to the joint ownership defined in the Civil Code, each member does not have a share, nor does he have the right to claim division. It is said that a typical example of this is found in Germanic village communities. In Japan, it is said that common ownership in village groups during the Edo period was common ownership, and the iriai (membership) system that still exists today has the same characteristics as its successor. In addition, the property relationship of a so-called association without legal capacity is also considered to be common ownership. In this case, a member of the group acquires the right to use and profit from the thing by acquiring the qualifications to be a member of the group, and naturally loses those rights when he loses his membership. The qualifications to become a member of the group, the requirements for management and disposal as a group, and the method of use and profit by each member of the group are determined by the rules or practices of the group.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

多数の者が同一の物を共同で所有する場合の一つの形態。総有では、その物の管理・処分などの権限は、多数の者で形成する団体自体に属し、各団体員はその物を使用・収益する権限を有するにとどまる。共同所有の形態のなかでもっとも団体主義的色彩が強いもので、民法で定められている共有と比べると、各構成員は持分(もちぶん)を有せず、また分割請求権もない。その典型はゲルマンの村落の共同体のなかにあるといわれる。日本でも江戸時代における村落団体の共同所有は総有であったといわれ、現在も残存する入会(いりあい)はその後身としてやはり同じ性格をもつ。また、いわゆる権利能力なき社団の財産関係も総有であるとされている。この場合に、団体員は、この団体のメンバーたる資格を取得することによって使用・収益の権利を取得し、メンバーたる資格を失うことによって当然にその権利も失う。そして、団体員となるための資格、団体としての管理・処分の要件、団体員各人の使用・収益の方法などは、団体の規約または慣行によって決められている。

［高橋康之・野澤正充］

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