Decoration

Japanese: 装飾 - そうしょく
Decoration

Semantically, it means to decorate or dress up something, or something used for that purpose. The English word "decoration" generally corresponds to this, but for example, decoration refers to the overall or systematic decoration of the interior of a building with sculptures, paintings, furniture, rugs, etc., whereas ornament refers to the decoration of the surface of a specific object such as a wall, pillar, or ornamental object with a pattern, etc. However, the distinction between the two is not always clear-cut.

Since ornamentation is originally intended to decorate something, it is not an entity (or act) that can stand alone, but there are cases where it goes beyond being a mere accessory and takes on an important meaning. Even if we consider makeup and clothing, which are direct forms of ornamentation applied to the human body, it is clear from various rituals that they go beyond the psychological relationship between self and others and take on a social meaning just like etiquette. On the other hand, for example, buttons on the sleeves of Western clothes, collars, shoelaces, lace used in underwear, and ribbons used as hair ornaments all originally had their own specific uses, purposes, and functions, but gradually lost their original meaning and were transformed. Similarly, tattoos, which are ornaments applied directly to the human body, were originally intended to represent the group or class to which the person who applied them belonged, but have also been transformed.

While some clothing has become decorative because it has lost its functionality, there are also cases, such as textiles and ceramics, where the accidental or unavoidable inclusion of other materials has produced unexpected effects that have inspired the intentional formation of aesthetic styles. As is clear from these examples, it is not easy to distinguish whether the various decorations we see today are the result of a loss of functionality or the result of creative development.

Decoration not only has the effect of emphasizing the characteristics of the object itself and giving it formal beauty, but also develops the motives of the object itself, and sometimes even forms the object itself, as can be seen from the development of various patterns and designs. The principles of beauty in these decorations, like the principles of aesthetic form in aesthetics, are strongly related to unity of diversity, harmony, symmetry, proportion, contrast, and rhythmic repetition. In the process of creating these decorations, not only is something added to the surface of the object, but part of the surface is also removed.

In addition, the term "decorative art" broadly refers to sculptures (reliefs) and paintings (frescoes, mosaics, stained glass, etc.) that decorate the exterior and interior of buildings, but more specifically refers to "art for decoration" such as rugs, wall hangings, furniture, furnishings, tableware, and accessories worn on the human body that occupy space in a room, and it is not wrong to think of this as being almost the same as crafts. However, the concept of decoration or decorative art is ambiguous and it is difficult to clearly distinguish it from other genres of plastic arts (fine arts) alongside architecture, painting, sculpture, etc.

[Toru Kashima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

語義的には、事物を飾ること、装うこと、またそれに用いるものをいう。英語のデコレーションdecorationがだいたいこれにあたるが、たとえば建物の内部を彫刻・絵画・調度品・敷物などで全体的・組織的に飾ることをデコレーションというのに対し、壁面や柱・置物など特定の対象の表面を模様などで飾ることをオーナメントornamentとよぶこともある。しかし両者の区別はかならずしも明快ではない。

 装飾は本来何かを飾るのであるから、それだけで独立できる存在(または行為)ではないが、それでも単なる添え物の域を超えて重要な意味をもつものとなる場合がある。人間の身体に施される直接的な飾りの一つである化粧や服飾を考えてみても、それが自と他との心理的関係を超えて、行儀作法と同じように社会的意味をもつようになることは、種々の儀式などをみれば明らかである。他方、たとえば洋服の袖(そで)のボタンや襟、靴の飾り紐(ひも)、下着に使われるレース、髪飾りのリボンなどは、もともとそれぞれ固有の用途や目的や機能をもっていたものが、しだいに発生当初の意味を失って転化したものである。また、人体に直接施される飾りであるいれずみも、もとはそれを施した人物の所属集団や階級を表す機能をもっていたものが、同じく転化したものである。

 このように被服の一部が機能性を失うことで装飾に変わったものがある一方、織物や陶磁器の場合のように、偶然もしくはやむをえず他の材質が混入して予期せぬ効果が現れたことに触発され、それ以後意図的に美的様式の形成が図られたものもある。このような例からも明らかなように、現在みることのできる種々の装飾が、機能性の喪失によるものか、あるいは創造的展開の結果であるかの区別も容易ではない。

 装飾は、それがあることによって、対象自体の特徴を強調する作用、形式美を与える作用があるほか、対象自身の動機を発展させ、ときにはそれによって対象が形成されていく場合さえあることは、種々の模様や文様の展開によっても理解されよう。これら装飾における美の原理は、美学でいう美的形式原理と同じく、多様の統一、調和、均斉、比例、対照、リズムの反復などと強く関連する。そしてこれらの装飾形成のプロセスでは、何かを対象の表面に付加するばかりでなく、表層の一部分を取り去ることも行われている。

 また、装飾芸術decorative artということばは、広くは建築物の外部および内面を飾る彫刻(レリーフ)や絵画の類(フレスコ画、モザイク、ステンドグラスなど)をさすが、それより、室内に場所を占める敷物、壁掛け、家具、調度品、食器をはじめ、人体に着ける装身具のような「飾りのための美術」をさし、これはほぼ工芸と同じと考えても誤りではない。しかし、装飾ないし装飾芸術を、建築、絵画、彫刻などと並んで造形芸術(美術)の一つのジャンルとして位置づけるには、概念のあいまいさがあり、他と明確に区別しにくい。

[鹿島 享]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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