Parathyroid gland

Japanese: 副甲状腺
Parathyroid gland

The role of the parathyroid gland

The parathyroid gland neck ( Keibu ) The parathyroid gland is an endocrine organ located on the back side of the thyroid gland, and has four glands on the top, bottom, left and right (Figure 2). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted from the parathyroid gland. PTH, together with active vitamin D, plays a central role in calcium metabolism in the body.

The main organs on which PTH acts are bones and kidneys, where it promotes bone resorption and calcium reabsorption from the kidneys. It also increases the production of active vitamin D in the kidneys. As a result, the increased active vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the intestinal tract, so PTH works in cooperation with active vitamin D to increase blood calcium levels.

Regulatory mechanism of PTH secretion and its abnormalities

The main factor that regulates the production and secretion of PTH is calcium itself. When the calcium concentration in the blood increases, the secretion of PTH is suppressed and stopped. Conversely, when the patient has hypocalcemia, the secretion of PTH increases, raising the calcium concentration. This mechanism is called feedback.

When the parathyroid glands are normal, this mechanism is always working, so calcium levels are kept within the normal range. Adenoma ( player ) or Hyperplasia ( Recruitment ) by Hyperparathyroidism ( Fukukojo Sengen no Koushin ) In this case, because this feedback mechanism is impaired, increased calcium levels do not suppress PTH secretion, and hypercalcemia is maintained.

Parathyroid Imaging

Since normal parathyroid glands are small organs with a diameter of less than a few millimeters, they usually cannot be seen on ultrasound or CT scans, but more than 80% of adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism can be detected. Swelling ( Subject ) Ultrasound is the safest and most effective way to detect an enlarged parathyroid gland (a swollen, enlarged mass).

However, if the lower two of the four parathyroid glands are enlarged, they may sink further down. rib cage ( Religion ) Sometimes the parathyroid gland becomes hidden inside the body and cannot be found by ultrasound. In such cases, scintigraphy is particularly effective. Scintigraphy is a test that involves injecting a radioactive drug that collects in the parathyroid gland, then taking a photograph of the radiation to show the parathyroid gland.

Thus, a combination of tests is often necessary to detect enlarged parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Figure 2 Location of the parathyroid glands
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Figure 2 Location of the parathyroid glands


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

副甲状腺の役割

 副甲状腺は頸部(けいぶ)の甲状腺背面に位置する内分泌臓器で、上下左右に4つの腺があります(図2)。副甲状腺からは副甲状腺ホルモン(PTH)が分泌されます。PTHは、活性型ビタミンDとともに体内のカルシウム代謝に中心的な役割を果たしています。

 PTHが作用する主な臓器は骨と腎臓で、骨吸収および腎臓からのカルシウム再吸収を促進します。また、活性型ビタミンDの腎臓での産生を高めます。その結果、増えた活性型ビタミンDは腸管からのカルシウム吸収を高めるので、PTHは、活性型ビタミンDと協調して血中カルシウム濃度を上昇させます。

PTH分泌の調節機構とその異常

 PTHの産生・分泌を調節する主要な因子はカルシウム自身です。血中のカルシウム濃度が高まるとPTHの分泌は抑えられ、歯止めがかかります。逆に低カルシウム血症になるとPTH分泌は高まり、カルシウム濃度を上昇させます。このような仕組みを、フィードバックと呼びます。

 副甲状腺が正常な場合は必ずこの機構メカニズムがはたらくため、カルシウム濃度が正常範囲に保たれています。しかし副甲状腺の腺腫(せんしゅ)過形成(かけいせい)による副甲状腺機能亢進症(ふくこうじょうせんきのうこうしんしょう)では、このフィードバック機構が損われるために、カルシウム濃度が上昇してもPTH分泌が抑えられず、高カルシウム血症が維持されます。

副甲状腺の画像診断

 正常な副甲状腺は径が数㎜以下の小さな臓器であるため、通常、超音波やCTなどでは見えませんが、原発性副甲状腺機能亢進症の腺腫は80%以上が検出されます。腫大(しゅだい)(はれて大きくなる)した副甲状腺腫を検出するには、超音波検査が最も安全で有効です。

 しかし、4つの副甲状腺のうち下の2腺が腫大した場合には、さらに下のほうに落ち込んで胸郭(きょうかく)内に潜ってしまい、超音波などで見つからなくなることがあります。とくにこのような場合には、シンチグラフィが威力を発揮します。シンチグラフィは、副甲状腺に集まる放射性の薬剤を注射したのち、その放射線を写真にとることにより副甲状腺を映し出す検査です。

 このように、原発性副甲状腺機能亢進症で腫大した副甲状腺を見つけるには、複数の検査を組み合わせることがしばしば必要になります。

図2 副甲状腺の位置
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図2 副甲状腺の位置


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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