A change in a plant community over time that has a certain direction. It is also called succession or ecological transition. When the existing vegetation is destroyed and bare ground is created, a new plant community begins to invade. This stage is called the initial or pioneer phase. After several intermediate phases, the plant community eventually reaches a climax phase where the species composition and community structure do not change significantly. This series of community development processes is called a "successional sequence." There are two types of successional sequence: primary succession, which begins on new land such as volcanoes and reclaimed land where no plants have ever grown before, and secondary succession, which begins on land where only the existing vegetation has been destroyed and only the soil, buried seeds, and plant roots remain. For both primary and secondary succession, there is a further distinction between xerophytic succession, which begins on land such as rocks or sand, and wet succession, which begins in water bodies such as lakes and marshes. In addition, the direction of succession seen in nature (normal succession series) can change due to human influences, resulting in special communities that do not appear in normal successions (for example, oak forests that appear when burning is performed, and turf grass grasslands that appear on bare land caused by trampling by livestock). This is called a biased succession series. There are various theories on the climax that is reached as a result of succession. Clements advocates the monoclinic theory, which states that only communities that correspond to the major climate of a region are climaxes (climatic climaxes). From this perspective, even if the initial conditions are dry, such as on rocks or sand, or wet, such as in water bodies, they ultimately converge to a single climax that is established in a mesoclinic location. On the other hand, AG Tansley (1871-1955) advocates the polyclinic theory, which states that climaxes can also be determined by biology, soil, or topography. In addition, RH Whittaker (1920-1980) advocates the climax pattern theory, which states that the pattern that a community shows depending on the environmental gradient of the region is a climax. Each has merit, but if we consider the process of succession as a model of community development, Clements's monoclinic theory according to climate is appropriate. The attributes of a plant community change with the transition, but especially when the environment (light, humidity, wind, etc.) within the community changes significantly, this is also the driving force behind the transition. The function of a plant community to change the environment in this way is called the environmental formation process. This also means that the ecosystem itself changes with the transition. Changes in ecosystem attributes include: (1) an increase in the total organic matter and nitrogen content of the ecosystem, (2) an increase in species diversity, (3) the hierarchical differentiation of the community progresses, (4) the food chain becomes more mesh-like than linear, (5) the circulation of nutrients changes from open to closed, (6) a decrease in net production, (7) the ratio of total production to total respiration approaches unity, and (8) a decrease in total production per unit of biomass. Looking at the ecosystem from these attributes, it shows that the entropy (one of the state quantities of an object) is decreasing overall, and that the ecosystem is changing in the direction of increasing organization. The process of succession also differs depending on the vegetation zone. In an example of primary succession in the evergreen broadleaf forests of central Japan, perennial herbs such as Japanese knotweed and silver grass first invade lava flows and bare volcanic ash, followed by pioneer shrubs such as Alnus sieboldii and Deutzia japonica. Eventually, evergreen trees such as Euonymus japonica and White alder invade the understory, forming a mixed forest of Mallotus japonicus, Zanthoxylum chinense, and Oshima cherry, and finally a climax forest dominated by Castanopsis sieboldii. The fauna also changes with this succession. Initial fauna consisted of ants, aphids, ladybugs, spiders, and weevils, but eventually woodlouse, pillbugs, springtails, and other insects that feed on plant remains began to appear, and as the forest progressed, terrestrial crustaceans and earthworms also became visible. However, in the same region of central Japan, when secondary succession begins in abandoned fields, a pioneer phase of annual plants such as ragweed, green foxtail, and crabgrass is formed first, followed by biennial herbaceous plants such as fleabane, ragweed, and evening primrose. Eventually, it becomes a perennial herbaceous community mixed with shrubs such as silver grass, bush clover, and viburnum, and then passes through an intermediate phase of deciduous forests with oaks and carpinus, before finally becoming a climax Castanopsis cuspidata forest. [Masahiko Osawa] [References] | |©Shogakukan Library "> Transition Series Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
植物群落が時間とともに一定の方向性をもって変化していくこと。サクセッションsuccession、生態遷移などともいう。既存の植生が破壊され、裸地ができると新しい植物群の侵入が始まる。この段階を始相または先駆相とよぶ。ついで途中相のいくつかの段階を経て、最終的にはそれ以上には種類組成や群落構造が大きく変化しない極相に至る。この一連の群落発達の過程を「遷移系列」という。遷移系列には、火山、埋立地などの新生地で、かつて植物がまったく生育したことがない土地に始まる一次遷移と、既存の植生のみが破壊されて、土壌やその中にみられる埋土(まいど)種子、植物の根株などが残っている土地で始まる二次遷移とが区別される。この一次遷移と二次遷移のそれぞれについては、さらに、遷移が始まる土地が、岩上や砂地など陸上でみられる乾生遷移系列と、湖沼など水界から始まる湿生遷移系列とが区別される。また、自然にみられる遷移の方向(正常遷移系列)に対して、人為の影響などで遷移の方向が変化し、正常系列では出現しない特殊な群落(たとえば、火入れをしたときに出現するカシワ林、家畜などの踏みつけによる裸地にできるシバ草原)ができることがある。これを偏向遷移系列という。 遷移の結果到達する極相には、さまざまな説が提唱されている。クレメンツは、その地域の大気候に対応した群落のみを極相(気候的極相)とする単極相説を主張している。この立場にたつと、初期条件は岩上、砂上のように乾生であったり、水体のように湿生であっても、究極的には中生立地に成立する単一の極相に収斂(しゅうれん)していくということになる。一方、タンスリーA. G. Tansley(1871―1955)は、生物的、土壌的、地形的に規定される極相もありうるという多極相説を主張している。また、ホイッタカーR. H. Whittaker(1920―1980)は、地域の環境傾度に応じて群落が示すパターンが極相であるとする極相パターン説を唱えている。それぞれに一理はあるが、遷移の過程を群落の発達モデルととらえると、クレメンツの気候に応じた単極相説が妥当である。 遷移に伴って植物群落の諸属性は変化するが、とりわけ群落内の環境(光、湿度、風など)が大きく変化すると、それが遷移の動因ともなっていく。このように植物群落が環境を変えていく働きを環境形成作用という。これは遷移に伴って生態系そのものが変化していくことでもある。生態系の属性の変化としては、(1)生態系の総有機物量や窒素量が増大する、(2)種多様性が増大する、(3)群落の階層分化が進む、(4)食物連鎖は直線的から網目状になる、(5)栄養塩の循環が開放的から閉鎖的になる、(6)純生産が低くなる、(7)総生産量と総呼吸量の比が一に近づく、(8)現存量当りの総生産量が低くなる、といった特徴がある。これらの属性から生態系をみると、全体としてはエントロピー(物体の状態量の一つ)が低くなり、体制化が進む方向へと変化していることを示している。 遷移の過程は植生帯によっても異なる。中部日本の常緑広葉樹林域における一次遷移の例では、まず溶岩流上や火山灰の裸地にイタドリやススキなど多年生草本が侵入し、ついでオオバヤシャブシ、ハコネウツギなどの先駆低木林となる。やがて、下層にヒサカキ、シロダモなどの常緑樹が侵入し、アカメガシワ、カラスザンショウ、オオシマザクラなどが混交した林となり、最終的にスダジイの優占した極相林となる。こうした遷移に伴って動物相も変化していく。初期の動物相はアリ、アリマキ、テントウムシ、クモ、ゾウムシなどであるが、やがてワラジムシ、ダンゴムシ、トビムシなど植物遺体を食べる虫がみられるようになり、さらに進むと陸生甲殻類、ミミズなども認められるようになる。しかし、同じ中部日本の地域でも放棄畑から始まる二次遷移になると、最初はブタクサ、エノコログサ、メヒシバといった一年生植物の先駆相が形成され、ついでヒメジョオン、オオアレチノギク、マツヨイグサ類などの二年生草本となる。やがてススキ、ハギ、ガマズミなどの低木を交えた多年生草本群落となり、コナラ、イヌシデなどの途中相の落葉樹林を経て、極相のスダジイ林になる。 [大澤雅彦] [参照項目] | |©小学館ライブラリー"> 遷移系列 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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