Sexual crimes are crimes related to sex, and include rape, indecent assault, genital exposure, peeping, voyeurism, pornography, and possession of child pornography. These are illegal and culpable acts that meet the constituent elements of the respective criminal laws. However, when considering the prevention of sexual crimes, the reform of sex offenders, and support for victims of sexual crimes from a psychological perspective, the definition based on the law may be too narrow. For example, rape and indecent assault are private prosecution crimes, so basically, they cannot be prosecuted without a complaint. In addition, the crime of rape in Japan requires the insertion of a male organ into a female organ, and does not apply to insertion into the anus or mouth or the insertion of a foreign object into a female organ, and men are not considered victims. Furthermore, when problems such as sexual damage in domestic violence (DV), sexual abuse of children, date rape, and sexual harassment are included, the definition based on the law is too narrow, and psychology needs to target a broader range of sexual violence. Another characteristic of sexual crimes is that there are many dark figures that are not recognized by the police. According to the 3rd Crime Victimization (Dark Figure) Survey conducted by the Research and Training Institute of the Ministry of Justice in 2008 on 6,000 people aged 16 and over, the reported rate of sexual crimes was 13.3%, which is about five times higher than the 65.6% reported for robbery (including attempted robbery). The reasons for the high number of dark figures include the desire to avoid secondary damage during the investigation and trial stages, and not reporting because the perpetrator is a relative or acquaintance. In addition, false sexual crime myths such as "If you resist seriously, you will not be raped" and "You actually want a forceful sexual approach" are also believed, which is a reason that prevents people from consulting with family and acquaintances and reporting to the police. [Characteristics of sex offenders and recidivism] There are many explanations for the characteristics of sex offenders, including age, gender, whether or not the offender has met the perpetrator, contact type or non-contact type, lack of attachment during upbringing, and experience of abuse. Rape offenders are categorized based on their motives and themes. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) found that rape is not only motivated by sexual desire, but also by displaying power and dominating the victim, and has identified four types of rape: power confirmation type, power assertion type, anger retaliation type, and anger excitement type. In Japan, Yokota Kaeko et al. (2004) have identified three themes of rape: dominance, which involves the use of threats and violence to physically and physically control the victim; eroticism, which involves using the victim as a medium to satisfy sexual desire; and intimacy, which involves trying to build a human relationship with the victim. These types are used in offender profiling, a method of estimating the character of offenders. Sexual crimes are generally considered to be crimes with a high recidivism rate, but statistics based on the White Paper on Crime and the White Paper on Police do not necessarily show a high recidivism rate, which means that sexual offenders will repeat sexual crimes. According to the 2006 White Paper on Crime, the recidivism rate for sexual crimes is 11.3%. The recidivism rate based on the White Paper on Police is also around 10% per year for both rape and indecent assault. However, an analysis of recidivism and other issues regarding "released prisoners for violent sexual crimes against children" released by the National Police Agency in November 2010 showed that 105 of 740 people who were subject to recidivism prevention measures were re-arrested for sexual crimes, and 49 of those 105 (46.7%) were re-arrested for violent sexual crimes against children. In other words, sexual offenders who target minors tend to have a strong sexual orientation toward minors even after release from prison. Furthermore, all recidivism statistics are based on sex offenders known to the police, and since approximately 90% of sex crimes are unreported, the tendency to recidivism is expected to be higher than the sex crime recidivism rate based on current statistical data. [Sex Offender Treatment Program] In November 2004, a man with a history of sexual crimes kidnapped and murdered a young girl in Nara Prefecture. This incident prompted the National Police Agency and the Ministry of Justice to implement the "Information on Released Prisoners of Violent Sexual Offenders Against Children" system in June 2005, in an effort to prevent sexual offenders from reoffending after their release. Furthermore, in March 2006, the Corrections Bureau and the Probation Bureau of the Ministry of Justice published the "Report of the Study Group on Sex Offender Treatment Programs," and since April of the same year, sex offender treatment programs have been implemented in penal institutions and probation offices. This program is based on cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and prioritizes subjects who should take the program based on the degree of risk of reoffending and the extent of the damage that would be caused to society if they were to reoffend. Depending on the severity of their problem, subjects are given treatment programs of different intensities (Asahina Makiko, 2010). In the future, important issues will be to measure and improve the effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs based on CBT, and to consider the introduction of drug therapy, which is implemented in other countries. [Psychology and Support for Sexual Crime Victims] Sexual crimes have such a large psychological impact on victims that they are also called "murder of the soul." In the United States, when post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans returning from the Vietnam War became a social issue, Burgess, AW and Holmstrom, LL (1974) reported that victims of sexual crimes also developed acute stress disorder and PTSD, calling this the rape trauma syndrome. In a survey of sexual crime victims in Japan, serious psychological damage was reported, such as "becoming ill," "becoming mentally unstable," "depressed," "becoming dirty," "feeling guilty and helpless," and "becoming afraid of men." It has also been reported that approximately 40% of rape victims and approximately 30% of indecent assault victims were forced to make some kind of change in their social lives, including moving, as a result of the incident. Psychiatric symptoms of victims of sexual crimes are wide-ranging, including PTSD and dissociative symptoms, depression, suicide and self-harm, and drug and alcohol abuse. Regarding the treatment of PTSD in victims of sexual crimes, CBT, especially prolonged exposure therapy (PE), which exposes victims to stimuli that evoke fear in a safe environment until the fear is reduced, is the most effective. For rape victims, there is a risk of pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases, so crisis intervention by visiting an obstetrician-gynecologist or urologist is also necessary. Since it is difficult for victims to make decisions on their own immediately after the incident, support from investigators and private victim support centers is also important. Furthermore, based on the basic principles of the Basic Act on Crime Victims, enacted in 2004, it is necessary to respect the dignity of victims of sexual crimes and provide uninterrupted support from the time of the incident until they are able to live a peaceful life again. → Correctional psychology → Child abuse → Domestic violence → Cognitive behavioral therapy → Victimology → Anxiety-related disorders [Taira Shinji] Latest Sources Psychology Encyclopedia Latest Psychology Encyclopedia About Information |
性犯罪とは,性にかかわる犯罪で,強姦rape(レイプ),強制わいせつ,性器露出,覗き,盗撮,色情盗,児童ポルノグラフィーの所持などが含まれる。これらは,それぞれの刑罰法規に定められた構成要件に該当する違法かつ有責な行為である。しかし,心理学的に性犯罪の防止,性犯罪者の矯正,性犯罪被害者の支援などを考える場合,法に基づく定義では対象が狭すぎる場合がある。たとえば,強姦と強制わいせつは,親告罪であるため基本的に告訴がないと起訴されない。また,日本の強姦罪は,男性器の女性器への挿入が条件となっていて,肛門や口への挿入,女性器への異物挿入には強姦罪が適用されず,男性が被害者とされることもない。さらに,家庭内暴力つまりドメスティック・バイオレンスdomestic violence(DV)の中での性的被害や,子どもに対する性的虐待sexual abuse,デートレイプdate rape,セクシュアルハラスメントsexual harassmentなどの問題を含めると,法に基づく定義では対象が狭すぎ,より広い性暴力を心理学では対象とする必要がある。 性犯罪は,警察に認知されない暗数dark figureが多いことも特徴である。法務総合研究所が,2008年に16歳以上の6000人を対象として実施した第3回犯罪被害実態(暗数)調査によると,性的事件の申告率は13.3%であり,強盗(強盗未遂も含む)の65.6%と比較して約5倍も暗数化していた。暗数が多い原因としては,捜査や公判段階での2次的被害を避けようとする心理,親族や知人が加害者であるために通報をしない場合などが挙げられる。また,「本気で抵抗すれば強姦されるはずがない」「ほんとうは強引な性的アプローチを望んでいる」などの誤った性犯罪神話が信じられていることも,家族や知人への相談および警察への通報が妨げられる理由となっている。 【性犯罪者の特徴と累犯性】 性犯罪者の特徴に関しては,年齢,性別,面識の有無,接触型と非接触型,養育時における愛着欠如,被虐待経験からの説明が数多く行なわれている。強姦に関しては,動機や犯行テーマから類型化が行なわれている。たとえば,アメリカ連邦捜査局(FBI)は強姦が性的欲求という動機のみならず,力の誇示や相手の支配に関する動機も含まれていることを見いだし,パワー確認型,パワー主張型,怒り報復型,怒り興奮型の4類型を示している。日本では,横田賀英子ら(2004)が,被害者を身体的・物理的に支配するために脅迫や暴力を使う支配性,性的欲求を満たすために被害者を媒体として用いる性愛性,被害者との人間関係を構築しようとする親密性の三つの犯行テーマを示している。これらの類型は,犯罪者の人物像を推定する方法である犯罪者プロファイリングoffender profilingに活用されている。 性犯罪は累犯性の高い犯罪だと一般に考えられているが,『犯罪白書』や『警察白書』に基づく統計からは,必ずしも性犯罪者が性犯罪を繰り返すという再犯率は高くない。2006年版の『犯罪白書』によれば,性犯罪再犯率は11.3%である。『警察白書』に基づく再犯率も強姦,強制わいせつともに毎年10%前後である。ただし,2010年11月に警察庁が発表した,「子ども対象・暴力的性犯罪の出所者」の再犯などに関する分析では,再犯防止措置対象者740人のうち105人が性的犯罪で再検挙されていたが,その105人のうち49人(46.7%)は子ども対象・暴力的性犯罪により再検挙された者であった。つまり,年少者を対象とした性犯罪者は,出所後も年少者への性的指向性が強い傾向が見いだされている。なお,累犯性の統計はいずれも警察が認知した性犯罪者が対象であり,約90%が暗数となっている性犯罪においては,累犯傾向は現在の統計資料に基づく性犯罪再犯率よりも高いことが予想される。 【性犯罪者処遇プログラム】 2004年11月,奈良県で性犯罪の前歴をもつ男性による女児誘拐殺害事件が発生した。この事件を契機として,2005年6月から,警察庁と法務省は「子ども対象・暴力的性犯罪の出所者情報」制度を実施して,出所後の性犯罪者の再犯防止に努めている。さらに,2006年3月に法務省の矯正局および保護局が「性犯罪者処遇プログラム研究会報告書」を発表し,同年4月以降刑事施設および保護観察所において,性犯罪者処遇プログラムが実施されている。このプログラムは,認知行動療法cognitive behavior therapy(CBT)に基づき,再犯の恐れの高さと,再犯した場合に社会に与える損害の大きさの観点から,優先的にプログラムを受講させるべき対象者を選定し,その問題性の大きさに応じて,異なる密度の処遇プログラムを受講させている(朝比奈牧子,2010)。今後,CBTに基づく性犯罪者処遇プログラムの効果測定と改善,および諸外国で実施されている薬物療法の導入の検討が重要な課題である。 【性犯罪被害者の心理と支援】 性犯罪は「魂の殺人」ともよばれるほど,被害者に与える心理的影響は大きい。アメリカでは,ベトナム戦争の帰還兵の心的外傷後ストレス障害post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)が社会問題になっているとき,性犯罪被害者にも急性ストレス障害やPTSDが生じることを,バージェスBurgess,A.W.とホルムストロームHolmstrom,L.L.(1974)が,レイプトラウマ症候群rape trauma syndromeと名づけて報告した。日本の性犯罪被害調査でも,「病気になった」「精神的に不安定になった」「落ち込んだ」「汚れてしまった」「自責感・無力感を感じる」「男性が怖くなった」などの重篤な心理的被害が報告されている。また,事件を契機として転居を含むなんらかの社会生活上の変化を余儀なくされた人が,強姦被害者で約4割,強制わいせつの被害者で約3割に見られたとの報告もある。 性犯罪被害者の精神症状は,PTSDと解離症状,抑うつ,自殺および自傷,薬物およびアルコール乱用など多岐にわたる。性犯罪被害者のPTSD治療に関しては,CBT,とくに,安全な環境で恐怖が低減するまで恐怖を喚起させる刺激に直面させるエクスポージャー療法prolonged exposure therapy(PE)が最も有効である。 強姦被害者に関しては,妊娠や性感染症のリスクが考えられるため,産婦人科や泌尿器科の受診による危機介入も必要である。被害直後は被害者自身での判断が困難な状況にあるため,捜査関係者や民間の被害者支援センターによる支援も重要である。また,2004年に成立した「犯罪被害者等基本法」の基本理念に基づき,性犯罪被害者の尊厳を重んじ,被害を受けたときから再び平穏な生活を営むことができるようになるまで,途切れない支援が必要である。 →矯正心理学 →児童虐待 →ドメスティック・バイオレンス →認知行動療法 →被害者学 →不安関連障害 〔平 伸二〕 出典 最新 心理学事典最新 心理学事典について 情報 |
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