Party system

Japanese: 政党制 - せいとうせい

The framework in which party politics unfolds. In the past, it was common to focus solely on the number of parties and classify systems into one-party, two-party, and multi-party systems. However, while this method is simple and easy to understand, it has limited explanatory power as a framework for understanding the complex mechanisms of politics. Italian political scientist Giovanni Sartori classifies systems into seven types: one-party systems (→ one-party dictatorship), hegemonic party systems, one-party dominant party systems, two-party systems (→ two-party systems), moderate multi-party systems, polarized multi-party systems, and primitive multi-party systems, based not only on the number of parties but also on indicators such as the relative size of each party, the ideological distance between parties, the direction of their movements, the degree of empathy with the expressed ideology, and the axis of coalition government. In the past, there was an impression that there was a definitive dividing line between two-party systems and multi-party systems, but in reality, there are very few countries with two-party systems, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, and in a comparative analysis, multi-party systems are the most common, so there is a definitive dividing line between moderate multi-party systems and polarized multi-party systems. The party system that each country operates is determined by social and economic factors, historical and cultural factors, and technical factors such as the electoral system. It is said that a single-round, simple majority voting system with a small constituency suppresses the proliferation of political parties and makes it easier to create a two-party system. Proportional representation and two-round, majority voting systems tend to accelerate the proliferation of political parties and create a multi-party system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

政党政治が展開される枠組み。かつてはもっぱら政党の数に焦点をあて，一党制，二党制，多党制に分類することが一般的だったが，この方法は単純でわかりやすい反面，政治の複雑なメカニズムを理解する枠組みとしては説明能力に限界があった。イタリアの政治学者ジョバンニ・サルトリは，政党数だけでなく，各党の相対的規模，政党間のイデオロギー距離，運動の方向，表明しているイデオロギーへの感情移入度，連合政権の軸などの指標に基づき，一党制（→一党独裁），ヘゲモニー政党制，一党優位政党制，二党制（→二大政党制），穏健な多党制，分極的多党制，原始的多党制の七つに分類した。かつて，二党制と多党制との間に決定的な分割線があるという印象がもたれていたが，実際には二党制の国家はイギリスやアメリカ合衆国などごくわずかであり，比較分析すれば多党制が最多なため，穏健な多党制と分極的多党制との間に決定的な分割線がある。各国がどの政党制を運用するかは，社会・経済的要因，歴史的・文化的要因，選挙制度などの技術的要因によって決定される。1回投票・単純多数決の小選挙区制は政党の増殖を抑制し，二党制を生みやすいとされる。比例代表制や 2回投票・多数投票制は政党の増殖を加速し，多党制を生む傾向が強い。

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