This refers to the period (632-661) ruled by four caliphs after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, namely Abu Bakr, Umar I, Uthman, and Ali. Later Muslim thinkers believed that, unlike the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, Islamic ideals were reflected in politics during this period, and called them the legitimate caliphs. Many scholars also call them elective caliphs or patriarchal caliphs. The three major events of this period were (1) the establishment of the caliphate, (2) the start of the great conquests, and (3) the outbreak of the first civil war. After the death of the Prophet, the Islamic state faced a serious crisis. The conflict over the leadership of the state between the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca) and the Ansar (Muslim residents of Medina), and the defection of Arab nomadic tribes from the Islamic state. The Muhajirun elder Abu Bakr was appointed caliph (successor), and the division of the Islamic order was avoided. He immediately suppressed the rebellion of the nomadic tribes by force, organized them into an Islamic army, and sent them to conquer Sassanid Persia and Byzantine territories in the north. Umar I expanded his conquest to Egypt and the Persian plateau, while building the military city of Misr in various places. The Arab tribes were registered as warriors (muqatira) in the Diwan al-Jund (Military Administration) and received salaries. During Uthman's time, the battlefront expanded to North Africa and northeast Persia, but serious conflicts of interest arose between Arab and Muslim classes, and Uthman became a victim of discontent among lower-ranking soldiers. Ali, who was pushed by the rebels, proclaimed himself caliph, but Muhammad's widow Aisha and the Syrian governor Muawiyah did not recognize this, and the First Civil War (656-661) broke out. In 657, Ali's forces and Muawiyah's forces faced off at Siffin in upper Iraq, but no one was victorious. The era ended with Ali's death in 661 and the founding of the Umayyad dynasty. It was during this period that Muslims sought ways to reconcile the new problems the nation faced with Islamic ideals. [Hanada Ushu] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)没後、4人のカリフ、すなわちアブー・バクル、ウマル1世、ウスマーン、アリーによって治められた時代(632~661)をいう。後世のムスリムの思想家は、ウマイヤ朝やアッバース朝時代とは異なって、この時代にはイスラムの理念が政治に反映されていたと考え、彼らを正統カリフとよんだ。選挙制カリフ、族長的カリフとよぶ学者も多い。 この時代の三大事件は、(1)カリフ制の成立、(2)大征服の開始、(3)第一次内乱の勃発(ぼっぱつ)である。預言者亡きあとイスラム国家は深刻な危機を迎えた。国家の指導者をめぐるムハージルーン(メッカからの移住者)とアンサール(メディナの住民でイスラム教徒)との対立、イスラム国家からのアラブ遊牧諸部族の離反である。ムハージルーンの長老アブー・バクルがカリフ(後継者)に指名され、教団の分裂は回避された。彼はただちに遊牧諸部族の反抗を武力鎮圧し、彼らをイスラム軍として組織し、北方のササン朝ペルシアとビザンティン領へ征服軍として派遣した。ウマル1世は、エジプト、ペルシア高原へと征服を拡大する一方、各地に軍事都市ミスルを建設した。アラブ諸族はディーワーン・アルジュンド(軍務庁)に戦士(ムカーティラ)として登録され、俸給を受けた。ウスマーンの時代、戦線は北アフリカ、ペルシア北東へと拡大したが、アラブ・ムスリム諸階層の間に深刻な利害の衝突が発生し、ウスマーンは下級兵士の不満の犠牲となった。反乱軍に推されたアリーは、カリフ位を宣したが、ムハンマドの未亡人アーイシャ、シリア総督ムアーウィヤらはそれを認めず、第一次内乱(656~661)が起こった。657年、上イラクのスィッフィーンでアリー軍とムアーウィヤ軍は対決したが、勝敗決せず、661年、アリーの死とウマイヤ朝の創建でこの時代は終わった。ムスリムが、国家が直面した新しい諸問題とイスラムの理念をどのように整合させていくかを模索したのがこの時代であった。 [花田宇秋] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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