Biological membrane

Japanese: 生体膜 - せいたいまく
Biological membrane

This refers to the cell membrane and the membranes of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, lysosomes, etc. within a cell. Each of these membranes forms a boundary between the outside and the inside, and has the property of allowing some substances to pass through while being difficult for other substances to pass through. The composition of biological membranes is mainly composed of proteins and lipids. The lipids of cell membranes and nuclear membranes contain a lot of cholesterol in addition to phospholipids, but the lipids of other biological membranes are mostly phospholipids. When the proteins of human and mouse cells are labeled with different dyes and the two cells are fused using a virus, the dyes eventually mix together. From this, it was speculated that the proteins of the cell membrane are not static but dynamic. It was also shown that the phospholipids are quite active, and in 1972 Singer SJ Singer and Nicolson GL Nicolson proposed the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes. According to this theory, phospholipids form a bilayer membrane, proteins exist on the outside or inside of the bilayer membrane, or penetrate both the inside and outside, lipids also undergo molecular motion, and protein molecules flow through the lipid layer. This theory is now widely accepted.

[Kikuyama Sakae]

[Reference] | Cell membrane

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

細胞膜や、細胞内のミトコンドリア、小胞体、ゴルジ装置、核、リソゾームなどの膜をさす。これらの膜はそれぞれ外部と内部との境をなしており、ある物質を透過させる一方、別の物質を透過させにくい性質を有している。生体膜の組成は主としてタンパク質と脂質とからなる。細胞膜や核膜の脂質にはリン脂質のほかにコレステロールがかなり含まれるが、他の生体膜の脂質はほとんどリン脂質である。ヒトとハツカネズミの細胞のそれぞれのタンパク質を違った色素で標識して、ウイルスを使って両細胞を融合させると、やがて色素は混ざり合ってしまう。このことから、細胞膜のタンパク質は静止しているのでなく、動的であることが推測された。また、リン脂質のほうもかなり活発に運動していることが示されるに至り、1972年にシンガーS. J. SingerとニコルソンG. L. Nicolsonは、生体膜の流動モザイクモデルを提唱した。それによると、リン脂質は二重膜をつくり、タンパク質はその外側や内側、二重膜の内部あるいは内・外を貫いて存在しており、脂質も分子運動をしていて、タンパク質分子は脂質層を流動しているという。この説は現在広く受け入れられている。

[菊山 栄]

[参照項目] | 細胞膜

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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