The Greek historian Polybius is famous for his theory that states that political systems go through cycles starting from a monarchy ruled by a single virtuous person. In other words, a monarchy becomes a despot by adopting a hereditary system, and is overthrown by a revolution. An aristocracy then emerges in its place. However, this also degenerates into oligarchy, and finally a democracy emerges. However, this too falls into mob rule and reaches a dead end. As a result, a virtuous monarch returns to rule. This type of cycle theory can be seen in the works of Machiavelli and Ville, as well as in the 20th century works by Spengler and world-systems theory. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ただ1人の有徳者が支配する君主制を出発点として政体は循環するとした論で,ギリシアの歴史家ポリュビオスの説が有名。すなわち君主制は世襲制をとることによって専制政治に陥り,革命によって打倒される。そしてこれに代って貴族制が出現する。だがこれは寡頭支配に堕し,ついに民主制が現れる。しかしこれもまた衆愚政治に陥って行きづまる。その結果再び有徳の君主が支配するようになるというもの。この種の循環論はマキアベリやヴィーユ,さらには 20世紀のシュペングラーや世界システム論にもみられる。
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