A movement aimed at improving the productivity of the economy, industry, and companies. It is also called the productivity movement for short. After the Second World War, it was directly triggered by the establishment of the US Marshall Plan and the Economic Cooperation Act, which aimed to rebuild Europe, and indirectly by the spread of ideas such as preventing unemployment, increasing employment, labor-management cooperation, and fair distribution of the results of productivity improvement, which spread worldwide. It first started within the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which accepted US aid, and in 1950, the European Productivity Center was organized in Paris to promote the movement. At the same time, international organizations such as the ILO (International Labor Organization) and the ICFTU (International Confederation of Free Trade Unions) also began to develop the productivity movement. The ILO in particular made an enthusiastic effort to improve productivity in developing countries. However, from a global perspective, it was Japan that was the most enthusiastic and successful in the productivity movement. In Japan, in response to the US's announcement of support, economic organizations such as the Japan Business Federation, the Japan Federation of Employers' Associations, and the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry established the Japan Productivity Enhancement Committee (1954), and the Japan Productivity Center was established based on a cabinet decision (1955). The center immediately announced three principles for the productivity movement: (1) Productivity improvement will ultimately increase employment. Transient surplus personnel will be reassigned and unemployment will be prevented as much as possible. (2) Specific methods for improving productivity will be researched and discussed in cooperation between labor and management. (3) The fruits of productivity improvement will be distributed fairly among managers, workers, and consumers. This trend in the productivity movement, which is based on the pillars of increasing employment, preventing unemployment, labor-management cooperation, and fair distribution, has continued to this day. In the early days of the productivity movement, it was mainly developed by introducing American management methods, and in conjunction with the high economic growth policy, it contributed greatly to the rapid advancement of the Japanese economy. Its achievements attracted the attention of other countries, and the initially passive productivity movement eventually pushed Japan into a leading position in the international productivity movement. In 1959, the Asian Productivity Conference was held, and in 1961, the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) was established with the membership of eight countries (as of 2010, 20 countries and regions are members). The first characteristic of Japan's productivity movement is that it places the utmost importance on labor-management relations. Initially, the General Council of Japanese Trade Unions (SOHYO) was opposed to the movement, but labor unions in private companies participated in the movement from the beginning and have played an important role in improving productivity within companies and distributing the results. Secondly, while productivity in the manufacturing industry has improved significantly, productivity in primary industries such as agriculture and tertiary industries such as the service industry is rather low compared to the rest of the world, and improving these industries is a challenge. [Mitsuo Morimoto] "Productivity Movement: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow" edited by Shiozawa Yoshinori and Kansai Productivity Center (2001, Productivity Publishing) " "The Origin and Development of Japan's Productivity Movement" edited by Charles Weathers and Ebitsuka Akira (2004, Productivity and Labor Information Center, Productivity and Economic Center)" "New Edition of the Labor-Management Relations White Paper: Productivity Movement and Labor-Management Relations Issues in the 21st Century" edited by the Productivity and Economic Center (2006, Productivity and Labor Information Center, Productivity and Economic Center)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
経済・産業・企業の生産性の向上を目ざす運動。略して生産性運動ともいう。第二次世界大戦後、直接的にはヨーロッパの復興を目ざすアメリカの長期経済援助計画(マーシャル・プラン)と経済協力法の制定を契機として、間接的には失業防止、雇用増大、労使協調、生産性向上成果の公正な分配という思想の普及を契機として、世界的に展開された。それはまず、アメリカの援助を受け入れるヨーロッパ経済協力機構(OEEC)のなかで始められ、1950年にはこの運動を推進するためにパリにヨーロッパ生産性センターが組織された。また、それとともにILO(国際労働機関)やICFTU(国際自由労連)などの国際組織も、生産性運動を展開するようになった。とくにILOは、開発途上国の生産性向上について熱心な取り組みを行った。しかし、世界的にみて、生産性運動にもっとも熱心でしかも成果をあげたのは日本であった。 日本では、アメリカの支援表明を受けて経済団体連合会、日本経営者団体連盟、日本商工会議所など当時の経済団体が日本生産性増強委員会を設立し(1954)、政府の閣議決定を基礎にして日本生産性本部が設立された(1955)。同本部はただちに生産性運動の三原則を発表した。それは、(1)生産性の向上は究極において雇用を増大する。過渡的な過剰人員については配置転換などで、可能な限り失業を防止する。(2)生産性向上のための具体的な方式は、労使協力して研究、協議する。(3)生産性向上の諸成果は、経営者、労働者、消費者に公正に分配される、というものであった。このような雇用増大・失業防止、労使協力、公正分配を柱とする生産性運動の流れは、その後一貫して今日に至っている。生産性運動の当初は、主としてアメリカの経営方式を導入する形で展開され、高度経済成長政策と相まって日本経済の躍進に大きく寄与することとなった。その実績は他国の注目するところとなり、当初の受け身の生産性運動は、やがて国際的に生産性運動をリードする立場に日本を押し出していった。1959年にはアジア生産性国際会議が開催され、1961年には8か国が加盟してアジア生産性機構(APO)が設立された(2010年時点では20か国・地域が加盟)。日本の生産性運動の特色は、第一に、労使関係を最重視することにある。当初、日本労働組合総評議会(総評)は反対していたが、民間企業の労働組合は初めからこの運動に参加し、企業内の生産性向上と成果分配に重要な役割を演じている。第二に、製造産業の生産性向上は顕著であるが、農業など第一次産業とサービス業など第三次産業の生産性は、世界的にみてむしろ低水準にあり、これらの向上が課題となっていることである。 [森本三男] 『塩沢由典監修、関西生産性本部編『生産性運動の昨日・今日・明日』(2001・生産性出版)』▽『チャールズ・ウェザーズ、海老塚明編『日本生産性運動の原点と展開』(2004・社会経済生産性本部生産性労働情報センター)』▽『社会経済生産性本部編『新版・労使関係白書――21世紀の生産性運動と労使関係課題』(2006・社会経済生産性本部生産性労働情報センター)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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