A Russian-born composer who lived in Switzerland, France and the United States (becoming an American citizen in 1945), he was at the forefront of 20th century music and had a decisive influence on the development of art music. Born on June 17, 1882 near St. Petersburg. His father was a famous bass singer at the Mariinsky Theatre. He had been fond of music since early childhood, but at his parents' request, he entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University with the aim of becoming a civil servant. In the summer of his 20th year, he decided to become a composer, studied under Rimsky-Korsakov, learned the basics of composition, and in 1907 released a full-scale work consisting of four movements, Symphony in E-flat major (Op. 1). In February 1909, his Scherzo Fantastic (1908) and Fireworks (1908) were recognized by Diaghilev, the head of the Russian Ballet, and the glorious era of the ballet company began with this combination of two men. His three major ballets, The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), and The Rite of Spring (1913), all of which premiered in Paris, used themes inspired by traditional Russian folk tales and featured five- or six-note melodies in the style of Russian folk songs, the innovative sound of a large orchestra, and complex rhythms that completely ignored bar lines. The music, full of intense energy and primary colors and expressiveness, created a great sensation in the music world of Paris and Europe, and Stravinsky's name as a cutting-edge composer spread throughout Europe. After his three major ballets, Stravinsky was unable to return to his homeland due to World War I and the October Revolution in Russia, so he traveled around Switzerland and composed works for small ensembles such as The Fox (1916) and The Soldier's Tale (1918), preparing for his next neoclassical style. From Pulcinella in 1920 to Concerto Ebony in 1945, he composed in the neoclassical style of Stravinsky. This series of works was modeled on the classical music of Pergolesi, Bach, Haydn and Beethoven. He also focused on jazz idiom in Ragtime for Eleven Instruments (1918), and approached not only jazz but also popular music such as tango and waltz. He obtained French citizenship in 1934, and appeared on stage as a pianist and conductor, performing his own compositions, while also actively recording them on records and for player pianos. In September 1939, Stravinsky traveled to the United States to give a lecture at Harvard University. Having lost his first wife and mother the previous year, Stravinsky invited his former lover Bella to America and decided to settle permanently on the West Coast of the United States. During his time in America, he first focused on revising his own works, arranging many of them for various instrumental arrangements. At the end of 1948, he met the young composer and conductor R. Kraft, and with Kraft as his assistant, he resumed his creative activities, such as The Adventures of a Debaucher (1951) and Septet (1953), while also appearing on stages around the world as a conductor of his own works. After the death of Schoenberg in 1951, he became interested in the twelve-tone technique, and left behind a large number of sacred works using the twelve-tone technique, such as Canticum Saculum (1955), Sermons, Discourses and Prayers (1961), and Requiem Canticles (1966). In April 1984, at the age of 77, he visited Japan and conducted his own compositions with the NHK Symphony Orchestra, but his health deteriorated in his later years and he passed away in New York on April 6, 1971. He was buried in Venice, a city he loved in life and to which he dedicated his work, "Canticum Saculum." [Takashi Funayama] "Stravinsky Autobiography" translated by Akihiro Tsukaya (1981, Zen-On Music Publishers) " ▽ "Stravinsky - A Mirror Image of Twentieth-Century Music" by Takashi Funayama (1985, Ongaku No Tomosha) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア生まれの作曲家。スイス、フランス、アメリカに住み(1945年アメリカ市民権を獲得)、20世紀音楽の歩みの先頭にたって、芸術音楽の展開に決定的な影響を与えた。 1882年6月17日、ペテルブルグ近郊に生まれる。父はマリンスキー劇場の有名なバス歌手。早くから音楽に親しんでいたが、両親の希望で官吏の道を目ざしてペテルブルグ大学の法学部に入学。20歳の夏に作曲家になる決心を固め、リムスキー・コルサコフに師事し、作曲の基礎を学び、1907年に四楽章からなる本格的な作品、交響曲変ホ長調(作品1)を発表した。09年2月、『スケルツォ・ファンタスティック』(1908)と『花火』(1908)がロシア・バレエ団の主宰者ディアギレフに認められ、この2人のコンビによる同バレエ団の栄光の時代が開始される。いずれもパリで初演された『火の鳥』(1910)、『ペトルーシュカ』(1911)、『春の祭典』(1913)の三大バレエ作品は、ロシアの伝統的な民話風の題材を用い、ロシア民謡風の五音ないし六音の旋律、大編成のオーケストラの斬新(ざんしん)な響き、小節線の存在をまったく無視した複雑なリズムを使った音楽で、その激しいエネルギーに満ちた原色的で表出的な音楽は、パリとヨーロッパの音楽界に大きなセンセーションを巻き起こし、新鋭作曲家ストラビンスキーの名前は全ヨーロッパに広まった。三大バレエ作品以後、第一次世界大戦とロシア十月革命によって故国に帰れなくなり、スイスの各地を転々としながら、『きつね』(1916)、『兵士の物語』(1918)など小編成の作品を作曲して、次の新古典主義の作風を準備した。 1920年の『プルチネッラ』から45年の『エボニー協奏曲』までは、ストラビンスキーの新古典主義の様式によって作曲されている。これらの一連の作品では、ペルゴレージやバッハ、ハイドンやベートーベンの古典主義の音楽がモデルにされた。また『十一楽器のためのラグタイム』(1918)でジャズの語法に注目した彼は、ジャズだけではなく、タンゴ、ワルツなどポピュラー音楽にも接近した。34年にフランス国籍を獲得し、ピアニスト、指揮者としてステージに登場して自作を演奏すると同時に、レコードや自動ピアノのための録音も積極的に行った。 1939年9月、ハーバード大学での講義のために渡米。前の年に最初の妻と母親を失ったストラビンスキーは、以前からの恋人ベラをアメリカに呼び寄せ、アメリカの西海岸で永住することにした。アメリカ時代の彼は、まず自作の改訂版の仕事に力を入れ、多くの作品をさまざまな楽器編成のために編曲した。48年の暮れに若い作曲家、指揮者のR・クラフトと出会い、以後クラフトを助手として『道楽者のなりゆき』(1951)、七重奏曲(1953)などの創作活動を再開すると同時に、自作の指揮者として世界各国のステージに立った。51年のシェーンベルクの死後は十二音技法に興味をもち、『カンティクム・サクルム』(1955)、『説教・説話・祈り』(1961)、『レクイエム・カンティクルズ』(1966)など、十二音技法による宗教音楽を数多く残した。59年(昭和34)4月、77歳で日本を訪れ、NHK交響楽団で自作を指揮したが、晩年は健康がすぐれず、71年4月6日ニューヨークで没した。遺体は、生前の彼が愛し、『カンティクム・サクルム』を献呈したベネチアに埋葬された。 [船山 隆] 『塚谷晃弘訳『ストラヴィンスキー自伝』(1981・全音楽譜出版社)』▽『船山隆著『ストラヴィンスキー――二十世紀音楽の鏡像』(1985・音楽之友社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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