common carrier

Japanese: common carrier（英語表記）commoncarrier

...Refers to maritime transportation services using ships.
[Establishment and role]
Shipping has a long history, but it was only in the 19th century that the so-called common carrier, a shipping industry that specializes in the carriage of goods by others and is based on today's shipping market transactions, came to dominate shipping. Until then, shipping was a form of self-carriage (private carrier), in which merchants owned and operated ships to transport their own goods for sale in the markets at which they were loaded and unloaded.

From [Public Transportation]

...In addition, even if it is a transportation business, a specific transportation that only handles cargo and passengers of a specific customer is not considered public transportation. A public transportation business operator is called a public carrier. The word "public" in public transportation simply means that it is a service that is available to anyone, not exclusively to a specific individual. ...

From 【Transportation】

...But as the market expanded and the volume of freight increased, specialized transport companies began to appear. In 18th-century England, those who started to operate as transport companies were required to assume the responsibilities of a common carrier, such as not refusing to carry a freight request without reason, not discriminating unfairly among clients, offering reasonable fares, and providing safe transport. Through these regulations, the common carrier became a means of transport that could be shared by the public.

From the Automobile Transportation Business

...General transport is considered "general" because it responds to the demands of an unspecified number of customers, and is also called public transport because it is obligated to undertake transportation. The term "general" in general transport is adapted from the term "common carrier" in Anglo-American law. In the United Kingdom and the United States, common law has been developed since ancient times, and occupations that are socially convenient and necessary for the general public have been called "common callings." ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "common carrier" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…船舶による海上輸送業務をいう。
［成立と役割］
　海運は古い歴史を有するが，今日の海運市場取引に基づくいわゆる他人運送を専業とする海運業(コモン･キャリアcommon carrier)が海運に支配的地位を占めるようになったのは，19世紀を迎えてからのことである。それまでの海運は，商人が積卸地の市場で売買する自己の商品を輸送するために船舶を所有し運航するという自己運送形態(プライベート･キャリアprivate carrier)にあった。…

【公共輸送】より

…また運輸事業であっても特定の顧客の貨客だけを扱う特定輸送は，公共輸送とは見なされない。公共輸送事業者を公共運送人common carrierという。公共輸送の公共とは，特定の個人の専用でなく誰でも利用可能なサービスということを意味するにすぎない。…

【交通】より

…しかし市場が拡大し，輸送量が増加するにつれ，輸送を専門とする業者が現れるようになった。18世紀イギリスでは，輸送業者として営業を始める者に公共運送人(コモン･キャリアcommon carrier)としての責任を負わせ，運送を依頼されたなら理由なく断ってはならないこと，依頼者によって不当な差別をしないこと，合理的な運賃で運ぶこと，安全な輸送をすることなどを義務づけた。こうした規制によって，コモン･キャリアは公衆のために共同利用が可能な輸送機関となった。…

【自動車運送事業】より

…一般運送は不特定多数の顧客の需要にこたえるところから〈一般〉とされており，運送の引受義務を負っているため，公共運送public transportと呼ばれることもある。一般運送における〈一般〉という用語は英米法における〈コモン･キャリアcommon carrier(一般運送人)〉から転用されたものである。英米においては古くから慣習法common lawが発達し，社会的に一般大衆の利便と必要性の高い職業を〈コモン･コーリングズcommon callings〉と呼んできた。…

※「common carrier」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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