Sweet pea - Sweet pea (English spelling)

Japanese: スイートピー - すいーとぴー(英語表記)sweet pea
Sweet pea - Sweet pea (English spelling)

An annual vine in the legume family (APG classification: Fabaceae). Its Japanese name is musk pea (musk pea) or musk lotus flower (musk lotus flower). The genus name Lathyrus is the ancient Greek name for pea, and the species name odoratus is the Latin for "fragrant". It is native to Sicily, Italy, and was introduced to Japan in 1862 (Bunkyu 2). The stems are ridged and winged, and the vines are long and supported by tendrils, growing to a height of 1-2 meters. The leaves are pinnately compound with short stalks. Flower stalks emerge from the leaf axils, and at the tip they produce 3-4 fragrant butterfly-shaped flowers, 2-3 cm in diameter. The flowers come in a variety of colors, including red, pink, blue, purple, and white.

Depending on the variety, there are summer-blooming, spring-blooming, and winter-blooming varieties, but in Japan, sweet peas generally refer to the winter-blooming varieties cultivated in greenhouses. Summer-blooming varieties are the oldest species developed and are highly cold- and heat-resistant. They have been improved in Europe and the United States, and large-flowered, multi-flowering varieties have been developed. If sown in October, they will bloom in May or June of the following year. Flower colors include red, pink, blue, and white. Little Sweetheart, a dwarf variety that does not climb, is about 30 cm tall and is popular for flower beds and potted plants. Spring-blooming varieties have characteristics between winter-blooming and summer-blooming varieties, and are used in potted plants and flower beds in early summer. In warm areas, they begin to bloom from late April outdoors. The spring-blooming varieties Royal and Cuthbertson floribunda are often cultivated. Winter-blooming varieties are grown in greenhouses and are mainly used for cut flowers. Spencer and Multiflora varieties are commonly cultivated. Representative varieties include American Beauty (red), Gloria (pink), Lily (white), etc. Other varieties that bloom in winter include the dwarf Pew variety, which has large flowers and is used for flower beds and potted plants.

[Hideaki Iwai October 18, 2019]

Cultivation

Plant in fertile, well-drained, deep cultivated soil and grow in full sun. In poor sun, they will not grow well and will not flower well. For flower beds, direct sow 3-4 seeds in one spot, 20-30cm apart and 2.5-3cm deep, for spring-flowering species in early to mid-October and for summer-flowering species in mid to late October. After germination, they will survive winter without any need for protection from the cold. For cut flower cultivation in greenhouses, sow 3-4 winter-flowering seeds in 4- or 5-inch pots in late August and grow outdoors. Once they germinate and the stems are uniform, plant them in the greenhouse. Inside the greenhouse, stretch wire at the top and bottom and stretch water lines for each plant, or set up supports and guide the vines to them so they grow vertically. When the vines reach the top, make a ring and roll them down. If kept at around 20°C during the day and 10°C at night, cut flowers can be produced from December onwards.

[Hideaki Iwai October 18, 2019]

Cultural history

Sweet peas were discovered in Sicily in 1650 by priest Francis Cupani. They were sent to England in 1699, where improvement of the flowers began, and in 1718 a white-flowered variety was created. A major contribution to breeding was made by the Englishman Henry Eckford, known as the father of sweet peas. At the Sweet Pea 200th Anniversary Exhibition in 1900, 264 varieties were exhibited, of which 115 were created by Eckford. As a sketch by Sekine Untei from 1862 (Bunkyu 2) remains, it is believed that sweet peas were introduced in Japan at the end of the Edo period, but commercial cultivation began after the Taisho period.

[Hiroshi Yuasa October 18, 2019]

Sweet Pea
It is a vine that grows supported by tendrils, and blooms 3 to 4 fragrant butterfly-shaped flowers at the end of the flower stalk. The flower colors include red, pink, blue, purple, and white. ©Shogakukan ">

Sweet Pea


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マメ科(APG分類:マメ科)の一年生つる草。和名はジャコウエンドウ(麝香豌豆)、ジャコウレンリソウ(麝香蓮理草)。属名のLathyrusはエンドウのギリシア古名で、種名のodoratusはラテン語の「香気ある」という意味である。イタリアのシチリア島原産で、日本へは1862年(文久2)には渡来していた。茎は稜(りょう)形で翼があり、つるは長く、巻きひげに支えられて高さ1~2メートルになる。葉は羽状複葉で、短い柄がある。葉腋(ようえき)から花柄を出し、先端に径2~3センチメートルで芳香のある蝶形花(ちょうけいか)を3~4個開く。花色は紅、桃、青、紫、白色など豊富である。

 品種により夏咲き、春咲き、冬咲きがあるが、日本でスイートピーといえば一般には温室で栽培される冬咲き種をさす。夏咲き種はもっとも古くから作出された系統で耐寒・耐暑性が強い。欧米で改良が進み、大輪で多花性のものがつくられている。10月に播種(はしゅ)すると、翌年5~6月に開花する。花色は紅、桃、青、白色などがある。つる性にならない矮性(わいせい)種のリトル・スイートハートは高さ約30センチメートルで、花壇や鉢植え用に人気がある。春咲き種は冬咲き種と夏咲き種の中間の性質があり、初夏の鉢物や花壇に利用される。暖地の戸外では4月下旬から咲き始める。ロイヤル系、カスバーソン・フロリバンダの春咲き種が多くつくられる。冬咲き種は温室内で育てられ、主として切り花用とする。系統はスペンサー系、マルチフローラ系がよく栽培される。代表品種はアメリカン・ビューティー(紅色)、グロリア(桃色)、リリー(白色)などである。ほかに冬咲き種で矮性のピュー系もよく栽培されるが、これは花が大輪で花壇、鉢植え用とする。

[岩井英明 2019年10月18日]

栽培

排水のよい肥沃(ひよく)で耕土の深い土質に植え、日によく当てて育てる。日当りが悪いと生育が悪く、花つきもよくない。花壇ならば、春咲き種は10月上~中旬、夏咲き種は10月中~下旬に、間隔20~30センチメートル、深さ2.5~3センチメートルで、1か所に3、4個の種子を直播(じかま)きする。発芽後は防寒をしなくても、そのまま越冬する。温室での切り花栽培は、冬咲き種を8月下旬ころ、4、5号鉢に3、4個播き露地で育て、発芽して茎がそろったら温室内に定植する。温室内は上下に針金を張って1株ごとに水糸を張るか、支柱を立ててこれにつるを誘引して垂直に伸ばす。つるが伸びて上部に達したら、つるを輪にして巻き下ろす。日中約20℃、夜間約10℃に保てば、12月から切り花ができる。

[岩井英明 2019年10月18日]

文化史

スイートピーは1650年、神父のフランシス・クパニFrancis Cupaniがシチリア島でみいだした。1699年にはイギリスに送られ、花の改良が始まり、1718年には白花がつくりだされた。品種改良に大きく貢献したのはイギリスのヘンリー・エックフォードHenry Eckfordで、スイートピーの父とよばれる。1900年のスイートピー200年展には264の品種が出品されたが、そのうちの115品種は彼の作出による。1862年(文久2)の関根雲停(うんてい)の写生図が残るので、幕末には渡来していたとみられるが、営利栽培は大正以降である。

[湯浅浩史 2019年10月18日]

スイートピー
巻きひげに支えられて伸びるつる草で、花柄の先端に芳香のある蝶形花を3~4個開く。花色は紅、桃、青、紫、白色など©Shogakukan">

スイートピー


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