Anrokuzan

A military commander of the Tang Dynasty in China. He was the mastermind behind the An Lushan Rebellion. His origins are legendary; his mother was a shrine maiden of the Turkic (Turkish) aristocrat Ashide, and his father, who is said to have been a Huren Kang (Iranian Sogdian), died early. His mother took him as a child and remarried him to the Sogdian military commander An Yanyan, so he took his stepfather's surname, but the more likely theory is that An was his real father. He was called Zakko by the Tang people. His childhood name was Atsurakusan (written as the Turkish word for god of war, but this is doubtful), and later Lushan, both of which are thought to be transliterations of the Sogdian word for light (Loksan).

Around 716, he defected to the Tang Dynasty with his family and lived in Liucheng, Yingzhou (Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province). Yingzhou was the Tang Dynasty's northeastern advance base, where many ethnic groups gathered. Lushan spoke six languages ​​and worked as a trade broker. He eventually served under Zhang Shougui, the governor of Youzhou, and played an active role in the war against the Khitans. He demonstrated his skill in pacifying the northeastern tribes such as the Xi, Khitan, Shihui, and Mohe, while also bribing the envoys sent from the central government to gain the trust of Emperor Xuanzong. In 742, he was appointed as the governor of Pinglu, and in 744 he was appointed governor of Fanyang (Youzhou, present-day Beijing), and in 751 he was appointed governor of Hedong (Taiyuan, Shanxi Province), giving him control of nearly one-third of the Tang Dynasty's entire border defense forces. Lushan gained the favor of Prime Minister Li Linfu and other close aides to the emperor, especially Yang Guifei in the harem, and was adopted by her, which allowed him to gain influence in the imperial court. However, when Yang Guozhong, a relative of the concubine, overthrew Li Linfu and became prime minister, he feared Lushan's power and plotted a rift between him and the emperor, believing him to be plotting rebellion. When Xuanzong became suspicious, Lushan mobilized 150,000 troops, claiming to be attacking Yang Guozhong, a traitor to the emperor. In November 755, he raised an army, took Luoyang in December, and on New Year's Day the following year, he proclaimed himself Emperor of Great Yan, established the era name of Shengmu, and captured Chang'an in June, briefly controlling the major parts of northern China.

However, around this time, his eyesight began to deteriorate due to eye disease, he became manic due to a malignant tumor, and he was particularly fond of his concubine's son, Qing'en, so he was assassinated by Prince Qingxu (second son) who felt uneasy about him. His popularity in the Hebei region did not wane for several decades afterwards, and he was revered as one of the two saints along with Shi Siming, who continued the rebellion.

[Hideo Kikuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、唐の武将。安史の乱の首謀者。出自は伝説的で、母は突厥(とっけつ)（トルコ系）貴族阿史徳(あしとく)氏の巫女(みこ)、父は一説に胡(こ)人康(こう)氏（イラン系ソグド人）で早く死別、母が幼年の彼を連れてソグド系武将安延偃(あんえんえん)に再嫁したので義父の姓を名のったとされるが、安氏を実父とする説が有力である。唐人からは雑胡(ざっこ)と称せられた。幼名軋犖山(あつらくさん)（トルコ語の軍神の意と記されるが疑わしい）、のち禄山としたが、いずれもソグド語の光（ロクサン）の音訳とされる。

　716年ごろ一族とともに唐側に亡命、営州柳城（遼寧(りょうねい／リヤオニン)省朝陽(ちょうよう／チャオヤン)県）に住んだ。営州は唐の東北前進基地で、諸民族の集まるところであった。禄山は6種の言語を操り、互市牙郎(ごしがろう)（貿易仲買人）を務め、やがて幽州節度使張守珪(ちょうしゅけい)の部下となって対契丹(きったん)戦に活躍、奚(けい)、契丹、室韋(しつい)、靺鞨(まっかつ)など東北諸族の鎮撫(ちんぶ)に手腕を発揮する一方、中央派遣の使臣に贈賄して玄宗の信任を得た。742年平盧(へいろ)節度使に抜擢(ばってき)され、744年范陽(はんよう)（幽州。現在の北京(ペキン)）、751年河東（山西(さんせい／シャンシー)省太原(たいげん／タイユワン)）の両節度使を兼任するに至り、唐の辺防軍全体の3分の1近い大兵力を握った。禄山は宰相李林甫(りりんぽ)をはじめ皇帝側近、とくに後宮の楊貴妃(ようきひ)に取り入って養子にしてもらい、宮廷に食い込んだ。しかし貴妃の族兄楊国忠(ようこくちゅう)が李林甫を追い落として宰相となるや、禄山の勢力を恐れ、謀反の志ありとして帝との離間を謀り、玄宗も疑念を抱くに及んで、禄山は君側の姦(かん)、楊国忠を討つと称して15万の兵を動員した。755年11月挙兵、12月洛陽(らくよう)を落とし、翌年元旦大燕(だいえん)皇帝と称し、聖武の年号をたて、6月には長安を攻め落とし、一時は華北の主要部を制圧した。

　しかしこのころから眼疾で視力が衰え、疽(そ)（悪性腫(はれ)物）を病んで狂躁(きょうそう)となり、愛妾(あいしょう)の子慶恩(けいおん)を偏愛したので、不安を感じた太子慶緒(けいしょ)（次子）によって暗殺された。河北地域では数十年後まで人気は衰えず、反乱を引き継いだ史思明(ししめい)とともに、二聖とあがめられるほどであったという。

［菊池英夫］

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