This is the central concept of the theory of national democratic revolution in China. It was comprehensively discussed in On New Democracy, written by Mao Zedong in 1940 to summarize and develop the revolutionary theory of the Chinese Communist Party up to that point. According to On New Democracy, the Chinese revolution is divided into the first stage of building an independent democratic nation and the second stage aiming for socialism. This first stage of revolution is not a socialist revolution, but it is a new type of democratic revolution, the New Democratic Revolution, which differs from the bourgeois democratic revolution of modern Europe. New Democracy aims for a republic under the dictatorship of a united coalition of several revolutionary classes, not a bourgeois dictatorship or a proletarian dictatorship. In the case of China, the revolutionary class refers to the workers, peasants, intellectuals and other petty bourgeoisie, as well as the revolutionary part of the two-sided bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie was too compromising to lead this revolution, so the task fell to the proletariat. Economically, it sought to nationalize large corporations, but also acknowledged the existence of capitalism and small-scale production. In rural areas, it carried out a thorough land revolution to create self-sufficient farmers, while also aiming for cooperative management. Culturally, it was characterized by being ethnic, scientific, and popular. Compared to Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, it differs in the thoroughness of the revolution, such as the land revolution and the eight-hour work day system, and in the presence or absence of a second stage, but in basic terms it shares the same features as the New Three Principles of the People, which entails the three major policies of alliance with the Soviet Union, alliance with the Communist Party, and support for the workers and peasants. What made the path to new democracy possible in the Chinese Revolution was, first, the international situation of the success of the Russian Revolution, which gave birth to the socialist system and the fall of the capitalist system, and, second, the emergence of the working class as an independent political force within the country. The theory that if the oppressed nations of colonies and semi-colonies were to join forces with a socialist system, they would be able to achieve socialism under the leadership of the proletariat without going down the path of capitalism was put forward by Lenin in his "Draft Theses on the National and Colonial Questions" at the Second Congress of Comintern in 1920. "New Democracy" is an extension of the theory of people's democracy in Eastern Europe, and is said to be a creative development of Lenin's theory to suit the actual situation in China. The period is divided into the old democratic revolution from 1840 to 1919, the new democratic revolution from 1919 to 1949, and the socialist revolution from 1949 onwards. In fact, the People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949, went beyond the assumptions made in On New Democracy and progressed radically to the stage of socialist revolution. The current "Reform and Opening Up" policy can be said to be a refinement of that radicalism, but the constitution stipulates that China is a "socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship." The Japanese translation of "New Democracy," which can currently be found in "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" and elsewhere, has been revised several times, including a major revision in 1951-52, and while it emphasizes the leadership of the proletariat, it has lost sight of the viewpoint of long-term cooperation. "Selected Works of Mao Zedong 7," published by Beiwangsha, is a Chinese translation, but it points out in detail the differences between the old and new versions. [Tadao Furumaya] "The Chinese Revolution and Mao Zedong Thought" by Isao Nakanishi (1969, Aoki Shoten) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国における民族民主主義革命理論の中心概念。1940年、毛沢東(もうたくとう/マオツォートン)がそれまでの中国共産党の革命理論を総括・発展させるために著した『新民主主義論』において包括的に論じられている。『新民主主義論』によれば、中国革命は、独立した民主主義の国家を建設する第一段階と社会主義を目ざす第二段階に分かれる。この第一段階の革命は、社会主義革命ではないが、ヨーロッパ近代のブルジョア民主主義革命とも異なる新しい型の民主主義革命=新民主主義革命である。新民主主義が目ざすのはブルジョア独裁ではなく、プロレタリア独裁でもなく、いくつかの革命的階級による連合独裁の共和国である。革命的階級とは中国の場合、労働者、農民、知識人その他の小ブルジョアジー、それに二面性をもつブルジョアジーのうちの革命的部分である。 ブルジョアジーは妥協性があってこの革命を指導できず、その任務はプロレタリアートの肩にかかってくる。経済的には大企業の国有化を図るが、資本主義、小生産の存在も認める。農村では徹底的な土地革命を行って自作農民を創出し、一方では協同組合経営を目ざす。文化の面でいえば民族的、科学的、大衆的であることが特徴である。孫文の三民主義と比較すると、土地革命や8時間労働制など革命の徹底性の点、第二段階の有無の点で異なるが、基本的な点では連ソ・連共・労農援助の三大政策を伴う新三民主義と共通している。 中国革命において新民主主義の道を可能にしたのは、第一にロシア革命の成功=社会主義体制の誕生と資本主義体制の没落という国際情勢であり、第二に国内で労働者階級が独立した政治勢力として登場してきたことである。植民地・半植民地の被抑圧民族が社会主義体制と結合するならば、プロレタリアートの指導下に、資本主義の道を通らずに社会主義に到達できるであろうという理論は、1920年のコミンテルン第2回大会に際してレーニンが「民族・植民地問題についてのテーゼ原案」で提起している。『新民主主義論』は東欧の人民民主主義論とともにその延長線上にあり、レーニンの理論を中国の実情にあわせて創造的に発展させたものといわれている。 時期区分としては、1840~1919年が旧民主主義革命の時期、1919~49年が新民主主義革命の時期、1949年以後が社会主義革命の時期とされている。実際に1949年に成立した中華人民共和国は、『新民主主義論』における想定を超えて、急進的に社会主義革命の段階に進んだ。現在の「改革開放」路線は、その急進主義を手直ししたものともいえるが、憲法には「人民民主主義独裁の社会主義国家」と規定されている。 なお、現在『毛沢東選集』などでみることができる日本語訳『新民主主義論』は、1951~52年の大幅改訂をはじめ、何回かにわたって手を加えたもので、プロレタリアートの指導性などが強調される一方で、長期合作論的観点が後退している。北望社『毛沢東集7』は中国語版であるが、新旧の異同を詳細に指摘してある。 [古厩忠夫] 『中西功著『中国革命と毛沢東思想』(1969・青木書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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