This is a process in which carbon atoms are soaked into solid iron. At room temperature, iron is a body-centered cubic (α (alpha) iron), which means that carbon atoms cannot penetrate. However, at temperatures above 910°C, it becomes a face-centered cubic γ (gamma) iron, which means that up to 2% of carbon atoms can penetrate the gaps between the iron atoms. When γ iron with dissolved carbon atoms (called austenite) is rapidly cooled (quenched) from high temperatures, it becomes a body-centered tetragonal structure called martensite. The higher the carbon concentration of martensite, the harder it is, but it is also brittle and breaks easily. Carburizing is a surface hardening method that aims to convert the surface of soft iron, which has a low carbon concentration, into martensite, which has a high carbon concentration, and is used for parts such as gears that do not wear and are not easily broken. The traditional method of carburizing was the "solid carburizing method," in which a piece of iron was buried in granular charcoal and heated. In recent years, however, the "gas carburizing method," in which the piece of iron is heated in a gas containing carbon monoxide or methane gas, has become popular. [Taiji Nishizawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
固体状態の鉄に炭素原子をしみ込ませる処理のことをいう。鉄は室温では体心立方晶(α(アルファ)鉄)であり、炭素原子はほとんど入り込めない。しかし910℃以上では面心立方晶のγ(ガンマ)鉄となり、最大2%までの炭素原子が鉄原子のすきまに入り込めるようになる。炭素原子の溶け込んだγ鉄(これをオーステナイトという)を高温から急冷(焼入れ)すると、マルテンサイトとよばれる体心正方晶の組織になる。マルテンサイトは炭素濃度が高いほど硬いが、しかしもろくて折れやすい。浸炭は、炭素濃度の低い軟鉄の表面部を炭素濃度の高いマルテンサイトに変換することを目的とした表面硬化法であり、歯車などのように、摩耗せず、しかも割れにくい部品に利用されている。浸炭を行うには、粒状の木炭の中に鉄片を埋めて加熱する「固体浸炭法」が昔からの方法であった。しかし近年は、一酸化炭素やメタンガスを含む気体中で鉄片を加熱する「ガス浸炭法」が普及している。 [西沢泰二] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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