A method of investigating the Earth's interior by artificially inducing earthquakes, or by observing the propagation of seismic waves produced by artificially inducing earthquakes. Neither radio waves nor X-rays can pass through the Earth's interior, so only seismic waves can pass freely through it. There are small-scale models for investigating underground structures a few meters underground, and large-scale models for studying the deep Earth hundreds of kilometers underground. The former are used for ground surveys of structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams, and for exploring underground resources. Those up to a few kilometers underground are used for exploring underground resources such as oil, geothermal energy, and for geophysical research. Those deeper than that are used exclusively for research in seismology, geophysics, etc. There are many methods for artificial earthquakes, broadly divided into reflection and refraction methods. They can also be classified according to what is used as the seismic source. With the reflection method, seismic waves are sent underground at a steep angle close to vertical, and the seismic waves that are reflected back from each layer are recorded to determine the underground structure. With the refraction method, seismic waves that have traveled a considerable distance within each underground layer and emerge on the surface are recorded to determine the underground structure. There are pros and cons to the energy of the earthquake to be sent, the nature of the underground structure obtained, and the accuracy, so the most suitable method is used. On the other hand, explosives were often used as seismic sources, but due to environmental concerns, this has fallen out of use since the 1980s, and non-explosive sources such as vibrating weights or compressing air to cause a sudden expansion have come into widespread use. These new artificial seismic sources allow precise control of the seismic waves they generate, allowing for accurate repetition, and are suitable for investigating underground structures with great precision by superimposing and strengthening recorded seismic waves. Investigating the underground structure beneath the seafloor is important for the exploration of underground resources such as oil, and for geophysical research. For the exploration of underground resources, an air gun (an artificial seismic source using compressed air) and a hydrophone (a pressure sensor that captures underwater seismic waves) are towed by a ship, and the underground structure is continuously surveyed several kilometers below the seafloor using the reflection method. On the other hand, it was only with the development of ocean bottom seismometers that it became possible to study deeper underground structures with precision. In the 1980s, a method was developed in Japan to use an air gun as an artificial seismic source to send refracted waves to an ocean bottom seismometer about 200 kilometers away, and to study strata up to about 60 kilometers below the seafloor, and this method has become widely used for geophysical research around the world. In recent years, it has become known that earthquakes occur due to the injection of liquids into dams or underground, and the mining of underground resources; these are called induced earthquakes rather than artificial earthquakes. [Hideki Shimamura] "In Search of the Earthquake Source: A Step Toward Modern Seismology" by Ryohei Ikegami (1987, Heibonsha) " "Inside the Belly and Heart of the Earth: The Frontline and Adventures of Earthquake Research" by Hideki Shimamura (1988, Information Center Publishing Bureau) " "Earthquakes" by Bruce A. Bolt, translated by Toshihiko Kanazawa (1997, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin) [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人工的におこす地震、また、人工的に地震をおこし、そこから出た地震の波の伝わり方を観測して、地球の内部を調べる方法。地球の内部は電波もX線も通らないので、内部を自由に通過するのは地震波以外にはない。地下数メートルの地下構造を調べるための小規模なものから、地下数百キロメートルといった地球深部を研究するような大規模なものまである。前者は、建物や橋やダムなどの構造物の地盤調査や、地下資源の探査などに用いられる。地下数キロメートルまでのものは、石油などの地下資源や地熱探査、それに地球物理学の研究に利用される。それより深いものは、もっぱら地震学、地球物理学上などの研究用である。 人工地震には多くの方法があるが、大別すると反射法と屈折法とがある。また、震源に何を使用するかによる分類もある。反射法は、鉛直に近い急な角度で、地震の波を地下に送り込み、それぞれの地層から反射して返ってくる地震の波を記録して地下構造を求める。屈折法では、地下のそれぞれの層内を、かなりの距離まで伝わったあと、地表にまで出てくる地震の波を記録して地下構造を求める。送り込むべき地震のエネルギーや得られる地下構造の性質や精度などに得失があり、最適の方法が使われる。 一方、震源としては、火薬が多く使われたが、環境問題もあって1980年代以降は下火になり、錘(おもり)を振動させたり、空気を圧縮して急激に膨張させたりする、非爆発性の震源が広く使われるようになった。これら新しい人工震源は、発生する地震の波を精密に制御することが可能なので正確な繰り返しができ、記録された地震波を重ね合わせて強めることによって、地下構造を精度よく調べるのに適している。 海底下の地下構造を調べることは石油など地下資源の探査や地球物理学研究のために重要である。地下資源の探査には、エアガン(圧搾空気を使った人工震源)とハイドロフォン(水中の地震波をとらえる圧力センサー)を船で曳航(えいこう)しながら、海底下数キロメートルまでの地下構造を反射法で連続的に調査する。一方、もっと深い地下構造を精度よく研究することは海底地震計が開発されて初めて可能になった。1980年代からは人工震源にエアガンを用いて、200キロメートルくらい先の海底地震計まで屈折波を届かせ、海底下60キロメートルくらいまでの地層を研究する手法が日本で開発され、世界各地で地球物理学研究のために広く使われるようになっている。 なお、ダムや地下への液体の圧入や、地下資源の採掘に伴って地震がおきることが近年知られており、これらは人工地震ではなく、誘発地震といわれる。 [島村英紀] 『池上良平著『震源を求めて――近代地震学への歩み』(1987・平凡社)』▽『島村英紀著『地球の腹と胸の内――地震研究の最前線と冒険譚』(1988・情報センター出版局)』▽『ブルース・A・ボルト著、金沢敏彦訳『地震』(1997・東京化学同人)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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