British novelist and journalist. His real name was Foe. He was born in London as the son of a merchant and once ran a clothing and general merchandise store, but in 1701 he wrote the political satire "A True Englishman" in defense of King William III, who was of Dutch descent, and entered political journalism in an era of political conflict. He consistently sided with the nonconformist merchant class, but his opponents did not necessarily see it that way and attacked him as a government writer driven by money. He wrote a pamphlet, "A Short Way to Deal with Dissenters" (1702), which pretended to advocate the complete suppression of Dissenters, but instead strongly advocated the folly of such suppression. This led to his being imprisoned and pilloried by the government, but he was supported by the people. In 1704 he founded a personal newspaper, "The Review", for which he wrote editorials on British commerce, trade strategies, merchant morality, and religious issues for nearly ten years, published three times a week. Around the same time, he continued his secret work as an intelligence officer for the influential politician Robert Harley (later Prime Minister), and went to Scotland to work behind the scenes on the issue of Scottish-English unification. However, his most famous work today is Robinson Crusoe, which he published in 1719, and after that he began to write a series of prose stories. Moll Flanders (1722), an autobiographical novel about a woman named Moll who commits various crimes and has affairs with many men due to her environment, realistically depicts the tough life of Moll and the lower classes of the time, and Roxana (1724), also in the form of an autobiography, is the story of a woman who has five children but is abandoned by her husband and travels to the continent to live. Many of his works are in the form of autobiographies, telling the story of a woman who experiences various evils and then eventually repents, and superimpose the pattern of moralistic autobiography that describes Christian decadence, suffering, and repentance onto the crime stories and adventures of the time. A slightly different style from these prose stories is The Plague Year Journal (1722, translated into Japanese as The Plague Year Journal or The Plague Year), which is a diary written by a citizen recording the suffering of people from the plague that was rampant in London in the late 17th century. In his calm and detailed observations, he sees the plague as a test from God, showing his multifaceted and complex character. The Travels of Great Britain (1724-1727) is a valuable historical document that describes the state of industry in various regions on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. The Complete English Merchant (1726-1727) is a book that teaches the merchant's code and etiquette to young people who aspire to be merchants. [Teruo Oka] "Izumiya Osamu's translation of "The Plague Year" (1967, Gendai Shichosha)" ▽ "Hirai Masaho's translation of "The Plague" (Chuko Bunko)" ▽ "Izawa Tatsuo's translation of "Moll Flanders" (2 volumes) (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Sutherland's Defoe, translated by Oda Minoru (1971, Kenkyusha Publishing)" [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの小説家、ジャーナリスト。本名Foe。商人の子としてロンドンに生まれ、衣料雑貨商を営んだこともあるが、1701年に政治風刺詩『生粋(きっすい)のイギリス人』を書いてオランダ系の当時の国王ウィリアム3世を弁護し、政党対立する時代の政治ジャーナリズムに入る。一貫して非国教徒の商人階級の味方の立場をとったが、反対派はかならずしもそうはみず、金に動かされる御用作家だと攻撃した。 非国教徒を徹底的に弾圧せよと主張するふりをして、弾圧の愚かさをかえって強く訴えるパンフレット『非国教徒処理の近道』(1702)を書いて政府ににらまれて投獄され、さらし台に立たされたが、民衆には支持された。1704年には個人新聞『レビュー』を創刊し、以後10年近くにわたって週3回刊のこの新聞のため論説を書き、イギリス商業、貿易の策や商人道徳、宗教問題を論じた。ほぼ同じころ、有力な政治家ロバート・ハーリー(後の首相)の情報係としても秘密の活動を続け、スコットランドに赴いて、スコットランドとイングランドの統一問題の舞台裏で働いている。 しかし、今日、彼のもっとも有名な作品は『ロビンソン・クルーソー』であり、1719年これを発表してから、散文による物語を次々に書くようになった。環境のせいもあって、さまざまの罪を重ね、男を遍歴する女性モルの自伝という形式の小説『モル・フランダーズ』(1722)は、逆境をたくましく生きるあばずれ女モルと当時の下層階級を写実的に描き、『ロクサナ』(1724)も同様に自伝の形で、5人の子をもちながら夫に捨てられ、大陸まで放浪して生きていく女の話である。彼の作品の多くは自伝形式をとり、さまざまの悪を経験したのちに、やがて悔い改める話であって、当時の犯罪実話や冒険記にキリスト教的な堕落、苦悩、悔悟を綴(つづ)る教訓的自伝のパターンを重ね合わせたものである。これらの散文物語とやや趣(おもむき)を異にするのが『疫病年日誌』(1722/邦訳名『疫病流行記』『ペスト』)で、17世紀後半にロンドンで大流行したペストに苦しむ人たちのありさまを一市民が記録した日誌という形であるが、冷静かつ詳細な観察のなかにペストを神の試練としてとらえており、彼の多面的で複雑な性格をよく示している。また、『グレート・ブリテン島周遊記』(1724~1727)は、産業革命前夜の各地の産業実態が描かれ、貴重な史料である。『完全なイギリス商人』(1726~1727)は、商業を志す若者に商人道、心得を説いたものである。 [岡 照雄] 『泉谷治訳『疫病流行記』(1967・現代思潮社)』▽『平井正穂訳『ペスト』(中公文庫)』▽『伊沢龍雄訳『モル・フランダース』全2冊(岩波文庫)』▽『サザランド著、織田稔訳『デフォー』(1971・研究社出版)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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