Liver failure

Japanese: 肝不全 - かんふぜん
Liver failure
The liver is an organ that is responsible for various metabolic functions, including the metabolism of nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract, the synthesis of proteins such as albumin and clotting factors in the blood, ammonia metabolism, and the metabolism, detoxification, and excretion of drugs and foreign substances.
Liver failure is a condition in which the function of liver cells declines for some reason and the liver can no longer maintain its functions, resulting in a variety of symptoms such as loss of consciousness (hepatic encephalopathy (hepatic coma)), jaundice, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, tendency to bleed, and renal failure.
Liver failure can be divided into acute liver failure, which occurs when necrosis of liver cells occurs suddenly in the patient with no history of liver disease, such as fulminant hepatitis or drug-induced hepatitis, and presents with encephalopathy, jaundice, ascites, bleeding tendency, renal failure, etc. within 8 weeks of onset, and chronic liver failure, which gradually progresses as a terminal symptom of liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.
In the West, liver transplantation ("liver transplant") has become established as a common treatment for acute liver failure.
In Japan, where the liver transplant system is not yet fully developed, artificial liver support therapy ("artificial liver support therapy") has been used to get through acute liver failure until the cause of the disease subsides. Furthermore, with the use of antiviral drugs, the survival rate has risen from 20-30% to over 60%.
Effective treatment for liver failure caused by cirrhosis is difficult, and in Europe and the United States, liver transplants are performed unless the condition is viral or alcoholic.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
肝臓(かんぞう)は、消化管から吸収された栄養物の代謝(たいしゃ)、血液中のアルブミンや凝固因子(ぎょうこいんし)などのたんぱく質の合成、アンモニア代謝、薬物・異物の代謝・解毒(げどく)・排泄(はいせつ)などさまざまな代謝機能をつかさどる臓器です。
 肝不全とは、なんらかの原因で肝細胞の機能が低下し、肝臓の機能が維持できなくなったために、意識障害(肝性脳症(かんせいのうしょう)(「肝性脳症(肝性昏睡)」))、黄疸(おうだん)、腹水(ふくすい)、消化管出血、出血傾向、腎不全(じんふぜん)など、さまざまな症状をきたした状態をいいます。
 肝不全は、劇症肝炎(げきしょうかんえん)、薬剤性肝炎など、肝疾患の既往がなくて急激な肝細胞の壊死(えし)がおこり、発症後8週以内に脳症や黄疸、腹水、出血傾向、腎不全などを呈する急性肝不全と、肝硬変(かんこうへん)および肝がんの末期症状として除々に進行してくる慢性肝不全とに分けて考えます。
 欧米では、急性肝不全に対する一般的な治療法として、肝移植(「肝移植」)が定着してきています。
 肝移植の体制が整っていない日本では、急性肝不全のときに、その原因がおさまるまでの急場をしのぐため人工肝補助療法(「人工肝補助療法」)などが使用されてきました。さらに抗ウイルス薬の使用などにより、以前は2~3割であった生存率が6割を超す成績をあげるようになっています。
 肝硬変からの肝不全では、有効な治療はむずかしく、ウイルス性やアルコール性でなければ、欧米では肝移植が行なわれています。

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