Part of the digestive tract. A long tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach, it continues below the pharynx and connects to the cardia of the stomach. Its total length is about 25 centimeters. It is divided into three parts: the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. The cervical esophagus is about 5 centimeters long and runs down in front of the vertebrae from the level of the 6th cervical vertebra to the level of the 1st thoracic vertebra. The trachea is located in front of it, and the esophagus passes just behind it. The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein run on both sides of the esophagus, and the thoracic duct runs on the left side. The recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus nerve) also runs up between the esophagus and the trachea. The thoracic esophagus is about 15 to 18 centimeters long. It is located inside the thoracic cavity, from the level of the 1st thoracic vertebra to the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra where it penetrates the diaphragm. The thoracic esophagus initially descends slightly to the left behind the trachea, then passes behind the aortic arch and descends along the right side of the descending aorta, but gradually emerges in front of the aorta and passes through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity. In the thoracic cavity, it is bordered in front by the trachea, tracheal bifurcation, left bronchus, and epicardium, and in the rear by the spine, thoracic duct, and hemiazygos vein (a vein that ascends on the left side of the spine in the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity). The abdominal esophagus is about 2 to 3 centimeters long, and after passing through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm, it bends slightly to the left and transitions to the cardia in front of and to the left of the 11th thoracic vertebra. [Kazuyo Shimai] View of the EsophagusThe esophagus is a tubular structure that is slightly flattened from front to back, but it is said that there are three physiological narrowings. The first narrowing is at the upper end of the esophagus where it connects to the pharynx, and narrowing in this area is thought to be caused by contraction of the so-called superior sphincter (striated muscle). In particular, this muscle is considered to be the cricopharyngeal muscle itself, which is attached from the posterior wall of the pharynx to the cricoid cartilage in front of the esophagus, among the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and narrowing is thought to be caused by contraction of this muscle. The first narrowing is located 15 centimeters from the upper incisors and has a diameter of 1.4 centimeters. The second narrowing is located in the middle of the esophagus, where the aortic arch and the left bronchus cross, so it is called aortic narrowing. This narrowing is caused by compression of the aortic arch or the left bronchus, but it is located 22 to 25 centimeters from the upper incisors and has a diameter of 1.5 to 1.7 centimeters. The third narrowing is the part that corresponds to the esophageal hiatus that penetrates the diaphragm, and is called the diaphragmatic narrowing. The distance from the upper incisors to the third narrowing is approximately 40 centimeters, and the diameter is 1.6 to 1.9 centimeters. The circular muscle located 1 to 4 centimeters above the border between the stomach and esophagus is considered to be the lower sphincter (smooth muscle) and is thought to be related to the third stenosis. However, the relationship between the lower sphincter and preventing reflux of gastric contents is unclear. In birds and other animals, the esophagus is entirely made of smooth muscle, while in mammals other than humans, the area of striated muscle is generally expanded, with the lower third being made up entirely of smooth muscle. However, in marsupials, the half closest to the stomach is made up of smooth muscle. The tissue of the esophageal wall consists of three layers, which can be divided from the inside into the mucosal layer, the muscular layer, and the adventitia. The mucosal layer is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, and when the esophagus is empty, the mucosa has many longitudinal wrinkles. The mucosa of the stomach is covered with simple squamous epithelium, so the border between the esophageal mucosa and the stomach mucosa can be clearly distinguished. In the esophagus, mucous glands called esophageal glands are found in the submucosal tissue. The distribution of these glands varies greatly from person to person, and when they are close to the stomach, they are called esophageal cardiac glands. The middle layer of the esophageal wall is the muscular layer. Within this muscular layer, there are two layers: circular muscle on the inside and longitudinal muscle on the outside, which run in a weak spiral shape. In the neck of the esophagus, the distinction between the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer is not clear. The upper third of the esophagus is made of striated muscle, and as you move downwards, smooth muscle begins to mix in, and the lower half of the esophagus is made of smooth muscle. A nerve plexus (myenteric plexus) develops between the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer, and controls the movement of the muscular layer. The contents are transported toward the stomach by peristalsis of this muscular layer. The adventitia is made of loose connective tissue containing elastic fibers, and connects the esophagus to the spinal column or surrounding tissues. Since the esophagus is a long tubular organ, the blood vessels that supply it receive branches from various arteries. Related arteries include a branch from the inferior thyroid artery, a direct branch from the aorta, and a branch from the left gastric artery. Looking at the venous system of the esophagus, the part below the thoracic part is part of the azygos venous system (a venous system that ascends on the right side of the spine at the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity) and is also connected to the left gastric vein (the left gastric vein is also part of the portal vein system). If there is a circulatory disorder in the portal vein system or in the venous system connected to it, portal pressure increases, and the esophageal vein is used as a shunt between the portal system and the systemic circulatory system, resulting in varicose veins due to blood stagnation in the blood vessels. If esophageal varicose veins rupture, massive bleeding in the esophagus can occur, which can be fatal. The nerves to the esophagus are distributed by the vagus nerve (parasympathetic nerve) and the sympathetic nerve, forming the esophageal nerve plexus. The parasympathetic nerve is responsible for muscular movement and secretion of the esophagus, while the sympathetic nerve is thought to be vasomotor. [Kazuyo Shimai] Nearly 80% of esophageal diseases are esophageal cancer, with symptoms including swallowing disorders due to acquired esophageal stenosis. In addition, the aforementioned esophageal varices, which can cause death due to massive bleeding, are caused by portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis or Banti's syndrome. [Teruo Kakegawa] [References] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Location and names of each part of the esophagus ©Shogakukan "> Animal digestive tract Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
消化管の一部。食物を口腔(こうくう)から胃に輸送する長い管で咽頭(いんとう)の下方に続き、胃の噴門までをつなぐ。全長は約25センチメートル。全体を頸部(けいぶ)、胸部、腹部の3部分に区分する。食道頸部は約5センチメートルで、第6頸椎(けいつい)の高さから第1胸椎の高さまでで椎骨の前を下行する。前方には気管があり、そのすぐ後ろを食道が通る。食道の両側には総頸動脈と内頸静脈が走り、左側を胸管が走っている。また、食道と気管との間には反回神経(迷走神経の枝)が上行している。食道胸部は長さ約15~18センチメートル。胸腔内にある部分で、第1胸椎の高さから、横隔膜を貫く部分(第11胸椎の高さ)に位置する。食道胸部は、初め気管の後ろでやや左側寄りに下行し、大動脈弓の後ろを通ると下行大動脈の右側に沿って下行するが、しだいに大動脈の前方に出て、横隔膜の食道裂孔を抜けて腹腔に入る。胸腔では前方に気管、気管分岐部、左気管支、心外膜などが接し、後方は脊柱(せきちゅう)、胸管、半奇静脈(胸腔の後壁で脊柱の左側を上行する静脈)などが接している。食道腹部は長さ約2~3センチメートルで、横隔膜の食道裂孔を通るとやや左側に曲がり第11胸椎の高さでその前左方で噴門に移行する。 [嶋井和世] 食道の構造食道は前後にやや圧平されている管状構造であるが、生理的な狭窄(きょうさく)部が3か所に存在するとされている。第一狭窄部は食道の上端で咽頭に連なる部分で、この部分の狭窄はいわゆる上(じょう)括約筋(横紋筋)の収縮による狭窄と考えられる。とくにこの筋は下(か)咽頭収縮筋のうち、咽頭後壁から前方の輪状軟骨につく輪状咽頭筋そのものとみなされ、狭窄はこの筋の収縮によるものと考えられる。第一狭窄部は上門歯から15センチメートルの距離にあり、その直径は1.4センチメートルである。第二狭窄部は食道の中部で、大動脈弓と左気管支が交叉(こうさ)する部分にあたるため、大動脈狭窄という。この部分は大動脈弓あるいは左気管支の圧迫によって狭くなるが、上門歯から22~25センチメートルの距離にあり、その直径は1.5~1.7センチメートルである。第三狭窄部は横隔膜を貫通する食道裂孔にあたる部分で、横隔膜狭窄部という。上門歯から第三狭窄部までの距離はほぼ40センチメートルほどで、直径は1.6~1.9センチメートルである。 胃と食道の境から上方1~4センチメートルの部位にある輪走筋は下(か)括約筋(平滑筋)とみなされ、第三狭窄部に関係あると考えられる。しかし下括約筋と胃内容物の逆流防止との関連については明確ではない。 なお、鳥類以下の動物では、食道は全部平滑筋であって、ヒト以外の哺乳(ほにゅう)動物では一般に横紋筋の範囲が広がり、下部3分の1が平滑筋だけとなる。しかし、有袋類では胃に近い半分が平滑筋である。 食道の壁の組織は3層からなり、内側から粘膜層、筋層、外膜に分けられる。粘膜層は重層扁平(へんぺい)上皮で覆われ、食道が空虚な場合は粘膜に縦走のしわが多くなる。胃の粘膜は単層扁平上皮で覆われるため、食道の粘膜と胃の粘膜の境は明瞭(めいりょう)に区別できる。食道では粘膜下組織に食道腺(せん)という粘液腺がある。この腺の分布は個人差が多く、胃に近い場合は食道噴門腺とよばれる。食道壁の中間層が筋層である。この筋層中には内側に輪走筋、外側に縦走筋の2層があり、弱い螺旋(らせん)状となって走る。食道頸部ではこの内輪層と外縦層の区別が明瞭ではない。筋層は食道の上3分の1が横紋筋で、下方に移るにしたがって平滑筋が混じり始め、食道の下半部は平滑筋となる。内輪層と外縦層との間には神経叢(そう)(筋層間神経叢)が発達し、筋層の運動をつかさどる。この筋層の蠕動(ぜんどう)によって内容物は胃に向かって輸送される。外膜は、弾性線維を含んだ疎性結合組織からなり、食道と脊柱あるいは周囲組織とを結合させている。 食道は長い管状器官であるため、これに分布する血管もいろいろな動脈から枝を受けている。関連するものとしては、下甲状腺動脈の枝、大動脈からの直接の枝、左胃動脈の枝などがあげられる。食道の静脈系をみると、食道胸部以下は奇静脈系(胸腔の後壁で脊柱の右側を上行する静脈系)に入るとともに左胃静脈ともつながっている(左胃静脈も門脈系である)。門脈系あるいはこれと連絡している静脈系に循環障害があると、門脈圧が亢進(こうしん)し、門脈系―体循環系の短絡路に食道静脈が用いられ、血管の血液うっ滞による静脈瘤(りゅう)を生じる。食道静脈瘤が破裂すると食道に大出血がおこり致命的となることがある。 食道への神経は迷走神経(副交感神経)と交感神経が分布して、食道神経叢を形成している。副交感神経の場合は、食道の筋運動や分泌作用をつかさどり、交感神経は血管運動性と考えられる。 [嶋井和世] なお、食道疾患の80%近くが食道癌(がん)であり、症状としては後天性食道狭窄による嚥下(えんげ)障害がみられる。また大量出血による死の危険を伴うものに、前述の食道静脈瘤があり、肝硬変症やバンチ症候群などによる門脈圧亢進がこの疾患の原因となる。 [掛川暉夫] [参照項目] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 食道の部位と各部名称 ©Shogakukan"> 動物の消化管 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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