Ordinance - Jorei

Japanese: 条例 - じょうれい
Ordinance - Jorei

This refers to autonomous legislation enacted by local governments (prefectures, cities, towns, villages, etc.) through a resolution of the assembly within the scope of laws and regulations with regard to affairs that fall under their jurisdiction. It is different from rules enacted by the head of a local government for its affairs. Even under the Meiji Constitution, local governments could enact ordinances, but under a centralized system, there were few matters that needed to be stipulated in ordinances, and they were not permitted to prescribe penalties, so their importance was small. In the Constitution of Japan, with local autonomy and autonomous legislative power guaranteed in Article 92 and subsequent articles, ordinances have been strengthened in all respects, including their nature, matters stipulated, and means of ensuring their effectiveness, and they have become significantly more important. In other words, ordinances cannot violate laws and regulations (including not only laws but also cabinet orders and ministerial orders), but they can prescribe all affairs that fall under the jurisdiction of local governments (Local Autonomy Act, Article 14 and subsequent articles).

Ordinances must be enacted to impose obligations and restrict rights (legislation under the so-called infringement reservation theory). Ordinances are necessary to issue orders or levy taxes. Rights cannot be restricted or obligations imposed by rules established by the head of a local government or internal guidelines. Ordinances that are merely advisory provisions, such as those for providing subsidies or setting days off from drinking, do not require ordinances in principle, but they may be enacted.

In addition, to ensure the effectiveness of the ordinance, criminal penalties (imprisonment of up to two years, a fine of up to 1 million yen, detention, a fine, or confiscation) or a non-penal fine of up to 50,000 yen can also be included.

Examples of ordinances include ordinances to attract factories, ordinances for granting scholarships, ordinances for preventing pollution, public safety ordinances, ordinances for protecting young people, ordinances to prevent the Gren-tai, ordinances to regulate stalking, ordinances to prevent nuisances, Shiga Prefecture's Eutrophication Prevention Ordinance which prohibits the use of synthetic detergents containing phosphorus around Lake Biwa, ordinances to protect and nurture the scenery of Shiga Prefecture, ordinances on pet and stray dogs to prevent dog damage, consumer protection ordinances, information disclosure ordinances, personal information protection ordinances, political ethics ordinances, prefectural land conservation ordinances, town planning ordinances, environmental impact assessment ordinances, waste ordinances, and ordinances for dealing with abandoned bicycles, many of which are closely related to daily life.

Before the decentralization reforms of 2000, so-called agency delegated functions were not considered to be the business of local governments and therefore not subject to ordinances. However, after the reforms, all business carried out by local governments has come to be considered the business of local governments, and not only autonomous business but also statutory entrusted business is subject to the enactment of ordinances.

Some ordinances are delegated to local governments by national law to enact ordinances (outdoor advertising ordinances, sunshade regulation ordinances, landscape regulation ordinances, etc.) or indicate the scope of what can be enacted by ordinance (Air Pollution Control Act, Water Pollution Control Act, etc.). In such ordinances, the issue is whether they are within the scope of the authorization, but in unique ordinances that are not authorized by national law, the issue is whether they regulate the affairs of local governments and whether they violate national laws. For example, since business relationships are regulated by the Civil Code, which is national law, ordinances cannot interfere with them, so quality assurance ordinances are clever in that they do not make the contents of the guarantee mandatory, but only display the guaranteed contents. In town development ordinances, the issue is always whether they violate the City Planning Act or the Building Standards Act.

Ordinances are generally enacted by majority vote in the assembly following a proposal from a member of the assembly or the head of the local government, but residents may also request the enactment, revision, or repeal of an ordinance with the joint signature of more than one-fiftieth of the eligible voters (Local Autonomy Law, Articles 12, 74 and following). However, it is not permitted to enact ordinances through referendums, and in the end they are often rejected by the assembly. Requests for the enactment of ordinances to reduce taxes are also not permitted. Resident autonomy is extremely insufficient.

[Yasuhito Abe]

[Reference items] | Agency delegated affairs | Fines | Penalties | Statutory entrusted affairs | Legal reservation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地方公共団体(都道府県・市町村など)がその権限に属する事務に関し、法令の範囲内で議会の議決を経て制定する自治立法をさす。地方公共団体の長がその事務について制定する規則とは異なる。明治憲法下でも、地方公共団体は条例を制定することができたが、中央集権制度の下にあって条例で規定すべき事項も少なく、刑罰を定めることも許されず、その重要性は小さかった。日本国憲法では、その第92条以下で地方自治、自治立法権が保障されたことに伴い、条例についても、その性質、規定事項、実効性の保障手段のすべての点で強化され、著しく重要性を増した。すなわち、条例は法令(法律だけでなく、政令・省令も含む)に違反することはできないが、地方公共団体の権限に属するすべての事務について規定できる(地方自治法14条以下)。

 義務を課し、権利を制限するには条例を制定しなければならない(いわゆる侵害留保説の立法化)。命令をするとか、税金を賦課するには条例が必要となる。首長の定める規則や内部の要綱などで権利制限・義務賦課をすることはできない。補助金を支給するとか、休肝日を定める条例のように単なる訓示規定にとどまるものは本来条例がなくてもよいが、条例を制定してもよい。

 また、条例の実効性を確保するため、刑罰規定(2年以下の懲役・禁錮、100万円以下の罰金、拘留・科料または没収)または5万円以下の過料を置くこともできる。

 条例の例としては、工場誘致条例、育英資金貸付条例、公害防止条例、公安条例、青少年保護条例、ぐれん隊防止条例、ストーカー規制条例、迷惑防止条例、琵琶(びわ)湖周辺での有リン合成洗剤の使用を禁止する滋賀県の富栄養化防止条例、ふるさと滋賀の風景を守り育てる条例、犬害を防止する飼犬・野犬条例、消費者保護条例、情報公開条例、個人情報保護条例、政治倫理条例、県土保全条例、まちづくり条例、環境影響評価条例、廃棄物条例、放置自転車対策条例など、日常生活に密接な関係のあるものも多い。

 2000年(平成12)の分権改革前は、いわゆる機関委任事務は地方公共団体の事務ではないので、条例の対象とはならないとされてきたが、改革後は、地方公共団体で行われている事務はすべて地方公共団体の事務とされ、自治事務だけではなく、法定受託事務でも、条例制定の対象となる。

 条例のなかには、国の法律によって条例制定を地方公共団体に委任したり(屋外広告物条例、日影規制条例、景観規制条例など)、条例で制定できる範囲を示したり(大気汚染防止法、水質汚濁防止法など)するものがある。その種の条例においてはその授権の範囲内にあるかどうかが争点になるが、国の法律に授権されない独自の条例においては、地方公共団体の事務に関して規定されているか、国の法令に違反していないかが争点になる。たとえば、取引関係は国法である民法で定められているから、条例では介入できないので、品質保証条例では保証の内容を義務づけるのでなく、保証された内容を表示するにとどめるなど、くふうを凝らしている。まちづくり条例では、都市計画法、建築基準法に違反しないかが、つねに争点となる。

 条例は一般には、議員からの提案か首長からの提案で、議会の多数決で制定されるが、住民が選挙権者の50分の1以上の連署により条例の制定改廃を請求することもできる(地方自治法12条、74条以下)。しかし、住民投票で条例を制定することは認められておらず、結局は議会で否決されることが多い。税金の値下げについては条例の制定請求も認められていない。住民自治は極めて不十分である。

[阿部泰隆]

[参照項目] | 機関委任事務 | 科料 | 過料 | 法定受託事務 | 法律の留保

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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