It belongs to the 15th group of the periodic table and is one of the nitrogen group elements. It has been known as a free metal since ancient times, and was used to decorate vases around 4000 BC. It has also been found in the form of alloys in ancient bronze vessels. It is also believed that the black eye shadow worn by ancient Egyptian women was made from antimony sulfide. The symbol Sb is taken from the Latin name stibium, the ore of antimony. Another theory is that the name antimony was derived from the Greek words anti (opposite)-monachon (monk) because stibnite is often found in association with other minerals, and that antimony was called antimonium because stibnite was often found in association with other minerals and the other theory is that antimony was called antimonium because monks used metal preparations to treat leprosy in the past. Alloys with lead began to be used in printing type around the 15th century. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] Existence and manufacturing methodIts abundance in the earth's crust is small, but it occurs as a mineral in large quantities, making it easy to extract. Stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) is the most important mineral. When crushed stibnite is heated in a graphite crucible with iron scraps to reduce it to metallic antimony. When low-grade ores are produced, the ore is burned to turn it into an oxide, and then heated with coke to reduce it. The crude antimony thus obtained has a purity of about 87-94%, and is either melted and refined by adding a flux (95%) or refined by electrolytic refining (99.8%). Recently, high purity antimony is required for use in semiconductor manufacturing, and antimony with a purity of 99.99% or more can be obtained by the zone melting method. Black antimony is obtained by adding zinc to an aqueous solution of antimony salts, and yellow antimony is obtained by passing air through antimony hydride at -90°C. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] natureSilver-white metallic antimony has semimetallic properties. Its yellow and black allotropes exhibit nonmetallic properties and are called yellow antimony and black antimony. Yellow antimony is unstable above -90°C and turns into black antimony. High-purity metal blocks have a beautiful star-shaped crystal pattern on their surface and are called star antimony. It is stable in air at room temperature, but becomes antimony oxide when heated above its melting point. It reacts violently with chlorine even at room temperature to form chlorides. It does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid, but dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid, producing sulfur dioxide and sulfates. It forms antimonic acid when combined with concentrated nitric acid. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] ApplicationsAlthough it has no uses as an element, it is used as electrodes in lead-acid batteries (lead containing a few percent antimony) and as type alloys (an alloy of 80% lead, 17% antimony, and 3% tin, which has a low melting point and expands when solidified). Antimony sulfide is used in the vulcanization of rubber, and many other compounds are also used as dyes and catalysts. There has also been a recent surge in demand for it as a semiconductor material. Both the element and its compounds are toxic, and the symptoms of antimony poisoning are similar to those of arsenic poisoning. Treatment involves quickly expelling the poison from the body and using tannin as an antidote. Compounds with oxidation states III and V usually exist. Compounds with oxidation state IV appear to be compounds in which oxidation states III and V coexist. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [Supplementary Material] |©Shogakukan "> Periodic Table Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周期表第15族に属し、窒素族元素の一つ。古くから遊離金属として知られ、紀元前4000年ごろの壺(つぼ)の装飾として用いられた例もある。合金の形では古代の青銅器中にもみいだされている。また、古代エジプトの女性が用いた黒いアイシャドーはアンチモンの硫化物であったとされている。アンチモンの鉱石である輝安鉱のラテン語名stibiumから元素記号のSbがとられた。またアンチモンの名は、輝安鉱がほかの鉱物に伴って産することが多く、anti(反対)-monos(孤独)からantimoniumとよばれたという説と、古く僧侶(そうりょ)たちのハンセン病治療薬に金属製剤が用いられたことからギリシア語のanti(反対)-monachon(僧侶)に由来するという説がある。鉛との合金が印刷用活字に用いられ始めたのは15世紀ごろからである。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] 存在・製法地殻中の存在度は小さいが、鉱物としてまとまって産するので採取しやすい。輝安鉱Sb2S3が鉱物としてもっとも重要である。高品位鉱では、粉砕した輝安鉱を鉄屑(てつくず)とともに黒鉛るつぼ中で熱すると鉄によって還元され、金属アンチモンが遊離する。また低品位鉱では、鉱石を焼いて酸化物にしたのち、コークスと共熱して還元する。このようにして得られる粗アンチモンは純度87~94%程度で、これに融剤を加えて融解精製するか(95%)、電解精錬により精製する(99.8%)。最近では半導体製造に用いるため、高純度のものが要求され、帯融解法で純度99.99%以上のものが得られる。アンチモン塩の水溶液に亜鉛を加えると黒色アンチモンが得られ、水素化アンチモンに-90℃で空気を通ずると黄色アンチモンが得られる。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] 性質銀白色の金属アンチモンは半金属の性質をもつ。黄色や黒色の同素体は非金属的性質を示し、黄色アンチモン、黒色アンチモンなどとよばれる。黄色アンチモンは-90℃以上では不安定で黒色アンチモンとなる。高純度の金属塊は表面にきれいな星形の結晶模様がみられ、スターアンチモンとよばれる。常温では空気中で安定であるが、融点以上に熱すると酸化アンチモンとなる。塩素とは常温でも激しく反応して塩化物となる。塩酸には溶けないが、濃硫酸とは二酸化硫黄(いおう)と硫酸塩を生じて溶ける。濃硝酸とはアンチモン酸をつくる。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] 用途単体としての用途はないが、鉛蓄電池の電極(数%のアンチモンを含む鉛)や活字合金(融点が低く凝固時に膨張する。鉛80%、アンチモン17%、スズ3%などの合金)として利用されている。硫化アンチモンはゴムの加硫などに、このほか色素や触媒に用いる化合物も多い。また、半導体材料として最近その需要が大きい。単体、化合物ともに有毒であり、アンチモン中毒の症状はヒ素中毒に似ている。手当てとしては早く毒物を体外に排出させ、解毒剤としてタンニンを用いるとよい。通常酸化数ⅢとⅤの化合物が存在する。見かけ上、酸化数Ⅳの化合物は酸化数ⅢとⅤの共存する化合物である。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 周期表 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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