From infancy to early school age, the brain develops rapidly, and head circumference expands accordingly, but if for some reason brain development slows or stops, the skull does not expand, and head circumference is small. Strictly speaking, when head circumference is smaller than the average head circumference for each age minus three times the standard deviation, it is called microcephaly. Causes include fetal infection, pregnancy-induced toxemia, trauma and persistent asphyxia associated with birth such as forceps delivery, and postnatal encephalitis and severe head trauma. Symptoms include not only a small head circumference, but also retarded intellectual development and seizures depending on the level of underlying brain damage. However, if the head appears small, care must be taken because there is a disease called streptocephalus, which has a completely different pathology. [Mizuo Kagawa and Masaaki Yamamoto] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
乳幼児期から学童前期ころまでの間に脳は急速に発育し、これに伴い頭囲も拡大してくるが、なんらかの原因で脳の発育が遅延または停止して頭蓋(とうがい)も拡大せず、頭囲が小さい場合をいう。厳密には、各年齢ごとの平均頭囲値から標準偏差の3倍を引いた値より小さいとき、小頭症とよぶ。原因は、胎生期の感染症や妊娠中毒症、鉗子分娩(かんしぶんべん)などの出産に伴う外傷や遷延性仮死状態、出生後の脳炎や重症頭部外傷など、さまざまである。症状は、頭囲が小さいばかりでなく、基礎となる脳損傷の程度に応じて知能発育遅延、けいれん発作などがみられる。 なお、外見上頭が小さい場合には狭頭症といって病態のまったく異なる疾患があるので、注意を要する。 [加川瑞夫・山本昌昭] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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