A diagram showing the equilibrium between several phases. In general, for a pure substance, all possible equilibrium states can be shown by selecting two variables (state quantities) that determine the state, and pressure and temperature are usually used as state quantities. The simplest state of water is shown here ( ). Curve TB is called the melting curve (or solidification curve), curve AT is called the sublimation curve, and curve TC is called the evaporation curve. On these curves, the two phases on either side are in equilibrium. In other words, if the pressure is set to a certain value, the temperature at which the two phases coexist is determined. The part joined by the curve represents either the gas phase, liquid phase, or solid phase. Within this plane, only one phase exists regardless of how the pressure and temperature are changed simultaneously. In the figure, point E indicates that water boils at 100°C under 1 atmosphere, and water and water vapor coexist, and point D indicates that water freezes at 0°C under 1 atmosphere, and water and ice coexist. Only water exists on the line DE (excluding points D and E). At any point on the TE line, the pressure and temperature corresponding to that point are uniquely determined, and water vapor at that vapor pressure and water at that temperature coexist.The curve TF shows the vapor pressure of a liquid (water) in a supercooled state; such a liquid only exists when left to stand still, and this state is called a metastable state. T represents the point where the three curves intersect, and since three phases coexist, it is called the triple point. The temperature and pressure at this point are constant and cannot be changed. The TC curve has an upper limit, and this point is called the critical point. On the diagram, this is point C. Water vapor cannot be liquefied into water no matter what you do above the temperature at point C (374°C). The temperature and pressure at point C are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. In a multi-component system, the number of independently changing state quantities increases and the system becomes complex, making it difficult to represent it in a two-dimensional diagram, so it is sometimes represented in a three-dimensional diagram ( ). Such multi-component phase diagrams are practically used in the case of alloys, glasses, and other solid solutions, and are particularly important in their research.[Toda Genjiro] [Reference] | |©Shogakukan "> Phase diagram of one-component water system (Figure A) The numbers indicate the melting points of each component. E, E, and E are the eutectic points of the binary systems Bi-Pb, Pb-Sn, and Sn-Bi, respectively, and E is the eutectic point of this ternary system. (2) is a flat representation of (1) projected onto the bottom. ©Shogakukan "> Phase diagram of the Bi-Pb-Sn ternary system (molten… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
いくつかの相の間の平衡を表した図表をいう。一般に純物質では状態を決める変数(状態量)を二つ選ぶことで、生じるすべての平衡状態を表すことができ、普通、状態量としては圧力と温度とが用いられる。いまもっとも簡単な水の状態を示す( )。曲線TBを融解曲線(または固化曲線)、曲線ATを昇華曲線、曲線TCを蒸発曲線という。これらの曲線上では、両側にある二つの相が平衡になる。すなわち、圧力をある値に指定したとすると、2相が共存する温度が定まることを意味する。曲線でくぎられた部分は気相、液相、固相のいずれかの相を意味する。この面内では、圧力と温度を同時にどのように変えても、一つの相だけが存在する。図で、E点は1気圧のもとで水は100℃で沸騰し、水と水蒸気が共存すること、D点は1気圧のもとで水が0℃で氷結し、水と氷とが共存することを示す。DEの線上(D点、E点は除く)では水だけが存在する。TEの線上では、どの点をとってもその点に対応する圧力および温度は一義的に決まり、その蒸気圧の水蒸気とその温度の水とが共存する。曲線TFは過冷却の状態にある液体(水)の蒸気圧を示すもので、このような液体は静かに放置したときだけに存在し、その状態を準安定な状態という。Tは三つの曲線が交わる点を表し、三つの相が共存するので三重点という。この点の温度、圧力は一定しており動かすことのできない値である。TC曲線には上限が存在し、この点を臨界点という。図ではC点がそれにあたる。水蒸気はC点の温度(374℃)以上ではどのようにしても水に液化することができない。C点の温度、圧力を臨界温度、臨界圧という。 多成分系では、独立に変化する状態量が増えて複雑となり、平面図で表すことが困難になることがあり、立体図( )で表現することがある。このような多成分系の状態図は実用的に合金、ガラスなどの固溶体の場合に使われ、それらの研究にとくに重要である。[戸田源治郎] [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> 水の一成分系の状態図〔図A〕 数字は各成分の融点。E、E、Eは、それぞれ二成分系Bi-Pb、Pb-Sn、Sn-Biの共融点、Eはこの三成分系の共融点である。(2)図は(1)図を底面に投影して平面的に表したもの©Shogakukan"> Bi-Pb-Snの三成分系の状態図(融… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
...In the case of a pentagon, as shown in Figure ...
...A general term for auxiliary machinery used fo...
...the language of the Uilta people, an ethnic mi...
A prefecture-level city in the southern part of S...
The area lies at 8°5' north latitude and 77°3...
A book that clarifies the status of land and recor...
…When a molecule or chemical bond has a bias in t...
This was a food poisoning incident that caused a l...
When casting, the molten metal shrinks as it solid...
...This was called "magic white powder,"...
An ancient Egyptian city located in the northeast...
A temple located at the foot of Mt. Kameyama in It...
A prominence on the solar photosphere. Usually, fl...
…Hellebores have white flowers in winter that lat...
…Generally, they have a strong regenerative abili...